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CLIMATE
CHANGE
CITY OF FREDERICTON
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
2
Although climate change is a global issue, the impacts are felt at a local level. Action must be place-based
and tailored to the local context. For this reason, the City of Fredericton (CoF) has relied heavily on local
stakeholders to provide input into its Climate Change Adaptation Plan. The City would like to thank everyone
who has contributed to the development of this plan. We appreciate the time, effort and knowledge
contributed to building a more resilient city.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ADAPTATION
COMMITTEE
GOVERNMENT OF
NEW BRUNSWICK
An Adaptation Committee was formed to help guide the development of the Adaptation Plan. The committee
included members of City staff from a number of departments along with outside stakeholders. This core
group provided strategic advice and direction during the development of the plan. This committee, along with
City Directors and Council provided final endorsement of the plan.
The City of Fredericton thanks the New Brunswick Climate Change Secretariat for sharing the climate
change projection data used in this report and the Government of New Brunswick - Environment and Local
Government for funding a portion of Fredericton's Climate Change Adaptation Plan.
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
3
CURRENT AND PAST
ADAPTATION COMMITTEE MEMBERS
CURRENT AND PAST
ADAPTATION COMMITTEE MEMBERS
DANIELLE SMITH
JODY BOONE
JULIE BAKER
JIM SAMMS
BRITTANY MACLEAN
Environmental Coordinator, Building Services Division,
Engineering & Operations, City of Fredericton
Sustainability Coordinator, UNB Sustainability, University of
New Brunswick
Project Engineer, Engineering Services Division, Engineering
& Operations, City of Fredericton
Landscape Urbanist, Capital Project Planning &
Implementation, Growth & Community
Environment and Emergency Preparedness,
NB Power
GREG MCCANN
KATHY EDWARDS
Water & Sewer Engineer, Engineering Services Division,
Engineering & Operations, City of Fredericton
Engineering Technician and Wellfield Protection Officer,
Engineering Services Division, Engineering & Operations,
City of Fredericton
JILL PELKEY
KIERAN MILLER
Climate Change Mitigation Analyst, Climate Change
Secretariat, Government of New Brunswick (formerly UNB
Sustainability)
Planner, Community Planning Division, Planning and
Development, City of Fredericton
PRATIVA PRADHAN
Climate Change Adaptation Analyst, Climate Change
Secretariat, Environment and Local Government,
Government of New Brunswick
LOUISE COMEAU
Research Associate, Forestry and Environmental
Management, University of New Brunswick
MARCELLO BATTILANA
SEAN LEE
Manager, Community Planning Division, Planning and
Development, City of Fredericton
Assistant Director, Engineering & Operations,
City of Fredericton
MICHELLE HORNCASTLE
Manager, Recreation Division, Recreation, Tourism and
Community Engagement, City of Fredericton
STACEY RUSSELL
Manager, Tourism Division, Recreation, Tourism and
Community Engagement, City of Fredericton
MIKE GLYNN
Assistant Manager, Parks and Trees Division, Engineering
& Operations, City of Fredericton
MICHAEL BALDWIN
Director, Corporate Services,
City of Fredericton
STEPHEN MOORE
Coorindator - Safety/EMO, Corporate Strategy & Safety
Services, City of Fredericton
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
4
GLOSSARY
Adapted from "City of Barrie Climate Change Adaptation Strategy" and New Brunswick Climate Change Secretariat's "A Guide
to Climate Change Adaptation Planning for New Brunswick Communities"
Adaptation: Includes any initiatives or actions in response to actual or projected climate change impacts which reduce the
effects of climate change on built, natural and social systems.
Adaptive Capacity: The ability of built, natural and social systems to adjust to climate change to moderate potential damages,
to take advantage of opportunities, or to cope with the consequences.
Baseline: A climatological baseline is a reference period, typically 30 years, that is used to compare changes in climate between
one period and another.
Climate: The weather of a place averaged over a period of time, typically 30 years.
Climate Change: Changes in long-term weather patterns caused by natural phenomena and human activities that alter the
chemical composition of the atmosphere through the build-up of greenhouse gases which trap heat and reflect it back to the
earth's surface.
Climate Change Scenario: A simplified representation of a plausible future climate based on comprehensive scientific
analyses of the potential consequences of natural and human-driven climate change and compared to current or historical
climatic conditions.
Extreme Weather Event: A meteorological event that is rare at a place and time of year, such as an intense storm, flood or
heat wave that is beyond the normal range of activity.
Global Climate Models: Computer-based models based on physical laws and empirical evidence and using mathematical
representations of atmospheric conditions to describe climatic behaviour.
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions: The release of any gaseous compound in the atmosphere that is capable of absorbing
infrared radiation, thereby trapping and holding heat in the atmosphere.
Heatwave: A period of excessively hot weather; In Canada, typically a period of three days or more reaching more than 32˚C.
Impact: The effects of existing or forecast changes in climate on built, natural, and human systems.
Mitigation: The promotion of policy, regulatory and project-based measures that contribute to the stabilization or reduction of
greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere.
Resilience: The capacity of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to minimize damages by resisting or changing
in order to reach and maintain an acceptable level of functioning and structure.
Risk: A combination of the likelihood (probability of occurrence) and the consequences of an adverse event occurring.
Weather: The day-to-day state of the atmosphere, and its short-term variation in minutes to weeks.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
GLOSSARY
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
MESSAGE FROM THE MAYOR
INTRODUCTION
CLIMATE CHANGE IN CONTEXT
OUR APPROACH
VISION
SUMMARY OF IMPACTS
GOALS AND ACTIONS
IMPLEMENTATION
MONITORING AND REVIEW
NEXT STEPS
APPENDIX A: SUMMARY OF CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTIONS
APPENDIX B: PRELIMINARY IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE
APPENDIX C: POTENTIAL INDICATORS
02
04
06
08
09
14
18
22
24
26
40
40
40
42
44
68
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
6
EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
The City of Fredericton recognizes the threat that climate change poses to our
community and City operations. The Climate Change Adaptation Plan (CCAP) aids
in addressing this threat by identifying impacts and potential actions to minimize
risk and build resilience. The plan builds on 20 years of City climate action including
adaptations to infrastructure, operations, and policies and by-laws.
This plan was guided by ICLEI Canada's Building Adaptative and Resilient Communities five-milestone program
for municipal adaptation. It takes additional direction from Government of New Brunswick (GNB) guidelines for
developing a municipal adaptation plan. Datasets pertaining to climate change projections for the Fredericton
area were also obtained from GNB. These projections guided the discussions with stakeholders and helped
determine potential impacts and actions in the plan.
In a series of workshops, City staff identified 84 climate change impacts. Members of the public and other
stakeholders identified an additional 76. This initial list of impacts was filtered by the Adaptation Committee for
overlap, and then for impacts the City could address according to its mandate set out in the Local Governance Act.
Risk and vulnerability assessments were conducted for the remaining impacts to determine which to prioritize.
The prioritized impacts have been summarized into a list of 19 to be addressed in this plan.
Potential actions were identified during two in-person public engagement opportunities, an online survey, staff
workshops and a number of Adaptation Committee meetings. Best practices and adaptation plans across the
country and internationally were reviewed as well. As a result of these activities the Adaptation Committee
selected 68 priority actions to be included in this plan.
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
7
The identified actions fall under six goal areas. These goals emerged during the planning process. A cross-cutting
action area was also identified for actions that will help achieve each of the other goals and the overall mission of
the plan. The identified goals represent the areas where the City has the authority and ability to enact change to
minimize climate risks and build resilience. They include:
A preliminary implementation schedule is included in this plan. The implementation schedule considers level
of planning and effort, capacity and costs. The implementation timeline will be flexible but will assist the City in
planning action over the next five years.
The plan ensures the City of Fredericton continues to take proactive steps towards adapting for climate
change. Throughout the implementation of the plan, the City will continue to adapt its actions as necessary and
communicate with the community on its progress.
MAINTAINING HEALTH
AND SAFETY
MINIMIZING DISRUPTIONS TO
MUNICIPAL SERVICES AND PROGRAMS
OFFERED TO THE COMMUNITY
MINIMIZING RISKS TO BUILDINGS
AND PROPERTIES
STRENGTHENING RESILIENCE OF
NATURAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND ASSETS
STRENGTHENING RESILIENCE OF CORE
MUNICIPAL INFRASTRUCTURE
CREATING PARTNERSHIPS AND
EMPOWERING THE COMMUNITY
MESSAGE FROM
THE MAYOR
Climate change is the defining issue of
our time, and as a municipality we have a
role to play in addressing this issue.
The City of Fredericton's Climate Change Adaptation
Plan (CCAP) provides a strategy and a framework
to decrease the climate change related impacts,
risks and vulnerabilities our community faces.
Fredericton has worked hard to ensure that this
plan is well-researched, scientifically based and
validated by a wide variety of stakeholders. It is a
practical tool to help us understand the climate-
related impacts our City may face over the coming
years and how we can adapt City operations,
assets, infrastructure, operations and service
delivery to build climate resilience that will have a
positive impact on residents and businesses in our
community. The plan includes an implementation
timeline and provides a more strategic framework
for decision-making moving forward.
The City of Fredericton has been a national leader
in climate change adaptation for more than 20
years. Adaptation measures have been integrated
into our infrastructure renewal, including oversizing
stormwater systems, raising roads, and by
expanding our active transportation network. We
have long viewed our day-to-day operations, public
communications and policies through a climate
change lens by introducing measures such as
modifying the salting and sanding techniques being
used on our streets and roads, reminding people
how they can be prepared for an emergency,
sharing heat alert messages and crafting by-laws to
mitigate household-level flooding.
We must continue to move forward with new
actions aimed at helping our community withstand
the impacts of climate change. A proactive approach
will allow us to be climate-ready and to minimize
the negative effects of changing climate.
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
9
INTRODUCTION
The City of Fredericton recognizes the wide-reaching implications of climate change
that will be experienced locally. These impacts will pose challenges to City operations,
infrastructure, assets and services delivery that must be addressed to help our
community continue to thrive.
The Climate Change Adaptation Plan offers another tool in the City's proactive approach to addressing the
impacts of climate change. This plan looks ahead to climate change projections to the end of the century. It
identifies the impacts we are most vulnerable to and which are most likely to occur in the near future that
will carry significant risk and/or burden. The plan identifies City-led actions that can be taken to minimize
these risks in a way that will allow our community to continue to thrive.
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
10
ADDRESSING
CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change can be addressed using two distinct sets of strategies. One set of
strategies minimizes future changes to the climate; the other helps us prepare for the
inevitable changes that are to come.
Climate change mitigation refers to a group of
strategies that can be employed to limit the effects
of climate change. These strategies help avoid
the release of carbon and other greenhouse gas
emissions into the atmosphere, delaying or reducing
future changes to climate and the associated impacts.
Mitigation strategies include conserving energy,
increasing use of energy efficient and renewable
energy technologies, capturing and using landfill gas,
and increasing active transportation options.
As a result of our past emissions, there will be
changes in climatic conditions that we are no longer
able to stop through future reduced emissions.
Adaptation refers to a set of strategies used to
manage the unavoidable consequences of climate
change to reduce the impact on our social, physical,
economic and ecological systems. Adaptation
strategies may include those that increase resilience
in our built environment, such as upgrades or
changes to infrastructure, changing building designs
and increasing flood resilience through built features.
It also includes other strategies such as creating
emergency response plans, educating the public
about preparedness, protecting the economy through
business continuity planning and protecting people
and the environment through by-laws and policies.
Implementing both climate change mitigation and
adaptation actions is important for a robust climate
change strategy that addresses both the causes and
effects of climate change. The City has been working
on mitigation and adaptation efforts for the past
two decades. This plan addresses future adaptation
strategies.
Milestone 5 of Partners for Climate Protection
Program for Community and Corporate
complete
34% reduction in corporate GHG emissions in
2018, over 2004 levels
20% reduction in community GHG emissions in
2017, over 2000 levels
Renewed corporate and community energy
plans and targets set to be developed in 2020-
2021
For more information on individual mitigation
actions, visit the Environmental Leadership page
at Fredericton.ca
MITIGATION ACTIVITIES
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
11
CITY OF FREDERICTON'S PAST
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION ACTIONS
The City of Fredericton has taken a number of actions to adapt to climate change. Each action has decreased
climate-related risk and contributed to a more resilient City. Actions have been taken to respond to increases
in temperature, changes in precipitation patterns, intense storm events and flooding. The actions to date relate
to infrastructure and asset upgrades, changes to operations and staff policies and procedures and planning for
future events.
RESPONSES TO CHANGES IN
TEMPERATURES
RESPONSES TO CHANGES IN
PRECIPITATION PATTERNS
RESPONSES TO INCREASE IN
EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS
(INCLUDING FLOODING)
Heat Alert Response System (HARS)
info-sharing
Adjusted salting techniques
Active Emergency Measures
Organization
Accommodations for outdoor
City staff
Upgraded City vehicles/ apparatus
for icy conditions
Back-up generators at pump and
lift station
Staff gear/PPE modifications
Transit policy for icy conditions
Changes to water line placement
Outdoor pools free to the public
Staff gear/PPE modifications
Generator for Salvation Army
emergency warming centre
Asphalt design modifications
Tree watering
Road raising (3 projects)
Artificial turf installation
Attenuation ponds on City
properties
Daytime comfort stations - Grant
Harvey Centre/Willie O'Ree Place
Changes to tree species planted
Stormwater guidelines updated
in 2009
Key major culverts upgraded to
increase capacity
Enhanced winter trail maintenance
Minor culvert system upgraded to
increase capacity
Outdoor winter ice surfaces
rationalized
Free transit, shuttle, park & rides
during 2018 & 2019 flooding
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
12
CLIMATE CHANGE
INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS: 2000 - 2013
3
2
8
5
9
14
12
10
23
17
4
19
21
7
18
13
11
16
15
6
1
1.
Union Street Under Walking Bridge
2000
Raised 1m and trail bridge also raised.
2.
Lincoln and Wilsey
2005
Intersection raised 1.3m
ROAD UPGRADES
17.
Bliss Carman Area Attenuation Pond
2005
Attenuation Pond
18.
McLeod Hill Road
2006
Drainage diversion
19.
Rainsford Lane Area
2009
Attenuation Pond
DRAINAGE MANAGEMENT
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION INFRASTRUCTURE ENHANCEMENTS
Arterial Roads raised to minimize closures
3.
Lincoln Road
2004
Twin culvert upgrade
8.
Wilsey near Hilton
2007
Twin culvert upgrade
13.
St. Mary's
2010
Single culvert upgrade
4.
Forest Acres Court
2005
Single culvert upgrade
9.
Forest Hill Road
2008
Twin culvert upgrade
14.
MacLaren Avenue
2011
Twin culvert upgrade
5.
Wilsey Road
2006
Twins culvert upgrade
10.
Colonial Heights
2009
Twin culvert upgrade
15.
River Street
2011
Culvert upgrade
and road raised
6.
McLeod Hill Road
2006
Twin culvert upgrade
11.
Crocket Street
2009
Twin culvert upgrade
16.
River Street
2013
Single culvert upgrade
TRAIL CULVERT
UPGRADE
7.
Royal Road
2006
Twin culvert upgrade
12.
Hanwell Road
2009
Single culvert upgrade
MAJOR CULVERT UPGRADES:
Culvert capacity increased to 1.2x1:100
year event and fish passage introduced
20.
Killarney Brook Trail Bridge
2003
21.
Northside Trail
2009
22.
Lincoln Trail
2010
23.
Valley Trail
2013
LEGEND
Culvert Upgrade
Drainage Management
Road Upgrade
- 19 single culvert upgrades
- Five twin culvert upgrades
- One culvert removal at
McIntosh Brook
- Five ditching upgrades
- Duck bill valving additions
Additional Climate Change Infrastructure Projects 2014 - 2019
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
13
ROLE OF LOCAL
GOVERNMENT IN ADAPTATION
Climate change is a placed-based issue. Although climate change is occurring at
a global scale, the impacts are felt at a local level. This means local stakeholders,
including municipal governments are key actors in responding to climate change.
In New Brunswick, the Local Governance Act defines the mandate for municipalities. This act helps municipalities
in New Brunswick determine their activities and responsibilities. Within this mandate, there are five key action
mechanisms the City of Fredericton can leverage to adapt to climate change:
Local governments own and/or maintain over sixty percent of core public infrastructure across Canada.
Therefore, it is important that municipalities account for changes in climate when renewing infrastructure and
assets. Adapting proactively whenever possible is key because it decreases risks to safety and saves money in the
long run.
By-laws, land-use planning, policies and development
guidelines determine where and how properties can
and cannot be developed within a municipality. These
can be amended with climate change projections and
impacts in mind to minimize risk and build resilience.
Working closely with our provincial and federal
counterparts and with the residents, businesses
and organizations whom we provide services for
in our community provides the opportunity to
share information about what is happening in
our community.
Understanding likely impacts and the risk of those
impacts allows us to adapt how we deliver services in
order to maintain a high level of service.
As an organization that accepts and understands
climate change science and the projections for our
region, it is imperative that we take action, lead by
example and educate others.
BY-LAWS, LAND-USE PLANNING AND POLICIES
PARTNERSHIP
OPERATIONS AND SERVICE DELIVERY
LEADERSHIP
INFRASTRUCTURE RENEWAL AND ASSET MANAGEMENT
NA
TU
RA
L
GR
EE
NH
OU
SE
E
FF
EC
T
MORE HEAT
ESCAPES
INTO SPACE
WHAT YOU G
WHAT YOU EXPECT
The current co
atmosphere. It
minutes, hours
months and se
SATURDAY
The pattern of weather conditions
such as temperature and
precipitation, amounts of sun and
fog, and frequency and intensity of
severe events measured over years,
decades and centuries.
30 YEAR AVERAGE TEMPERATURE
JAN FEB MAR
VS
CLIMATE CHANGE
IN CONTEXT
THE SCIENCE
Scientists around the world agree that
the global climate is changing at a rate
that is unprecedented and to a large
degree, these changes can be linked
directly to human activity.
While the Earth's climate has naturally changed
and fluctuated for millennia, the changes in
climate observed from the 1950s to the present
have happened at an accelerated pace. These
recent changes can be attributed to the burning
of fossil fuels, which have increased levels of
atmospheric gasses including carbon dioxide. An
increase in atmospheric gases causes more heat
to be trapped, warming our earth, and setting off a
chain-action of effects, including sea ice melt, more
frequent and intense storm events, and changes in
precipitation patterns.
Climate change differs from weather and from
variability in weather patterns. Weather describes
the short-term condition of the atmosphere and
is measured in hours, days and weeks. Climate
variability describes the variations from expected
weather patterns over seasons, years and decades,
for example, a milder winter. This differs from
climate change, which shows an overall shift in
climate patterns over a longer timeframe.
SUN
Energy from the
sun warms earth
Some escapes
back into space
Some is held by
greenhouse gases
in the atmosphere
IN
CR
EA
SE
D
GR
EE
NH
OU
SE
E
FF
EC
T
AT
MO
SP
HE
RE
S
O
L
A
R
R
A
D
I
A
T
I
O
N
Earth's atmosphere is like a thin blanket,
made up of carbon and other gases, that
traps some of the heat provided by the
sun. This keeps our planet at just the right
temperature for life as we know it. This is
known as the greenhouse effect.
Through industrial activities, humans have
released a lot of greenhouse gases over a
short period. This has caused the blanket
of atmosphere around our Earth to become
thicker, trapping more heat, and disrupting
our usual climate patterns.
GREENHOUSE
EFFECT
LESS HEAT
ESCAPES
INTO SPACE
The climate is not constant. Long-term
climate data will show variations over
seasons, years, decades and centuries (e.g.
warmer winter, more precipitation). Some
appear unpredictable while others are
explained by phenomena we are aware of
(solar cycles, ocean circulation patterns).
CLIMATE
GET
ndition of the
t is measured in
s, days, weeks,
easons.
MONDAY
TEMPERATURES
TIME
CLIMATE
VARIABILITY
CLIMATE
CHANGE
INCREASES
IN SUMMER
TEMPERATURES
INCREASES
IN WINTER
TEMPERATURES
CHANGES IN
PRECIPITATIO
PATTERNS
ALREADY
NEW BRUNSWICK'S
ANNUAL TEMPERATURE
has already increased 1.5˚C in the last c
1.1˚C of that increase occurring over
CONSEQUENCES
Climate change will impact City infrastructure,
assets, service levels and operations.
Without action and pla
will be more intense.
HIGHER MEAN
TEMPERATURES:
1.1°C by 2020s
2.2°C to 3.0°C
by 2050s and:
INCREASE
IN HOT NIGHTS
that don't
go below
20°C
INCREASE
IN LENGTH,
FREQUENCY
and intensity
of heat waves.
1.5°C INCREASE IN MEAN
SEASONAL TEMPERATURE
by 2020s, 2.7°C to 3.7°C by 2050s and:
INCREASE
IN ANNUAL
PRECIPITATION:
3.6% - 4.5%
by 2020s,
6.3% - 8.5%
by 2050s,
FEWER RAIN
AND SNOW
DAYS
per year with
heavier
precipitation
events.
MORE RAIN
AND FREEZING
RAIN
in the winter,
with less snow days.
2.8°C
5.1°C
by 2080s
3.4°C
6.1°C
by 2080s
with a maximum
below -10°C by 2080s,
compared to 12.
TO
TO
AS
FEW
AS
2
DAYS
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
16
CLIMATE CHANGE
PROJECTIONS FOR FREDERICTON
Fredericton has already been impacted by climate change, with a 1.5˚C increase in
mean annual temperature over the past century, with 1.1 ˚C of that change occurring
over the past three decades.
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
17
INCREASE IN FREQUENCY
AND SEVERITY OF
EXTREME WEATHER
EVENTS
FLUCTUATIONS
IN FRESHWATER
LEVELS
ON
century, with
r the past 30 years.
Fredericton has experienced three one in one-hundred-year
flood events during the annual spring freshet.
IN THE PAST
11 YEARS
This creates a safer, more
resilient community.
Addressing impacts and thinking proac-
tively will help minimize impacts.
anning impacts
(Environment Canada
and Government of
New Brunswick, 2019).
POTENTIAL
INCREASE
in chance for and
severity of drought,
early or late season
frost, and winter
rain and thaw.
POTENTIAL
INCREASE
in number of
winter ice storms,
post-tropical
storms and
hurricanes.
POTENTIAL
INCREASE
in flood
and heavy
rainfall events.
POTENTIAL
INCREASE
in long-lasting
flood events.
POTENTIAL
INCREASE
in incidence
and severity
of flood events.
POTENTIAL
INCREASE
in incidence of
reduced stream and
river water levels.
8.6%
to 12.5% by 2080s
This change has been implicated as a contributing factor in heat waves, extreme weather events and changes
in precipitation patterns over the last number of years. It is expected that these changes are just the beginning.
Projections for our region show greater increases in temperature, changes in precipitation patterns and an
increase in the number and severity of extreme weather events. The combination of these factors will also lead
to greater fluctuations in local freshwater levels. See Appendix A for a more detailed breakdown of projections
to 2100.
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
18
OUR
APPROACH
The City of Fredericton has followed
ICLEI Canada's Building Adaptive
and Resilient Communities (BARC)
methodology for developing a CCAP.
This plan captures milestones 1-3 of the
five-milestone program. Although the City did
not consult directly with ICLEI Canada, the process
provided in their guide, Changing Climate, Changing
Communities: Workbook for Municipal Climate
Adaptation was followed.
The City of Fredericton has also adhered to the
recommendations laid out in GNB's A Guide to
Climate Change Adaptation Planning for New Brunswick
Communities: Version 2.0. This document outlines how
to define the scope of the adaptation plan, climate
history and projections for New Brunswick, how
to develop a vulnerability assessment, and how to
identify adaptation priorities and actions.
Note: The City worked with ICLEI through the BARC
program previously. The City achieved Milestones 1
& 2 through that process. This plan reflects updates
to that previous work.
MILESTONE 1
INITIATE
MILESTONE 2
RESEARCH
MILESTONE 3
PLAN
MILESTONE 4
IMPLEMENT
MILESTONE 5
MONITOR/
REVIEW
REVIEW
REVIEW
REVIEW
UPDATE
ADATATION
ACTIONS
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
19
- Establish adaptation vision and objectives
- Set goals
- Identity options and actions
- Identify possible drivers and contraints
- Evaluate actions against drivers and contraints
- Initiate research on climatic changes
- Refine impacts and consider service areas for each
- Vulnerability assessment (study of sensitivity and
adaptive capacity)
- Identify stakeholders
- Build climate change adaptation team
- Identify and adaptation champion
- Begin implementation
- Solidify support from Council and community
- Use appropiate implementation tools
- Assess new information and review drivers
- Track implementation progress
- Evaluate efectiveness of actions using baseline
data and indicators
- Determine appropiate baseline and indicator data
- Examine financing and budget
- Establish implementation schedule
- Create action plan
- Launch plan
- Risk assessment (consequence and likelihood of
impacts and prioritization)
- Take a first look at climate chage impacts
and existing adaptation actions
- Pass council resolution and community charter
- Follow terms of action plan
- Report on successes regulatory to mantain
momentum
- Communicate accomplishments
- Investigate future adaptation options and actions
- Revise adaption plan
- Launch next round of adatation plan
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
20
Stakeholder engagement was an important part of the process in developing the plan. Projections were
presented to internal and external stakeholders who helped determine potential impacts and actions later refined
by the City-led Adaptation Committee.
Following the identification of impacts, the Adaptation committee conducted vulnerability and risk assessments
for each to determine which are currently high in priority and should be included in this initial plan.
FIFTEEN STAFF
WORKSHOPS
TWO PUBLIC
CONSULTATIONS
80+ PARTICIPANTS
TO IDENTIFY POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND ACTIONS:
ONE ONLINE
SURVEY
103 RESPONSES
SEVEN INDIVIDUAL
STAKEHOLDER
MEETINGS
ADAPTATION COMMITTEE
Reviewed input; refined impacts; completed risk and vulnerability assessments; refined actions; endorsed final
plan before Council review
Vulnerability refers to susceptibility to adverse climate
change effects. It is a measure of a City's sensitivity
to climate change impacts in its current state and its
ability to adapt effectively to those impacts, given the
capacity and funds required to mitigate sensitivity.
Impacts with a vulnerability ranking of (V3) or higher
on a scale of 1-5 were carried forward for a risk
assessment for this plan.
VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
VULNERABILITY =
SESNSITVITY X ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
21
RISK =
LIKELIHOOD X EXPECTED CONSEQUENCES
Risk is a measure of the expected outcome of an unexpected event. A risk assessment helps decision-makers
make sense of the uncertainties associated with climate change in order to prioritize adaptation activities. Risk is
estimated in this process by measuring the combined likelihood of hazardous impact occurring with the expected
consequences to social economic and environmental systems in Fredericton.
Risk categories (ICLEI Canada Building Adaptive and Resilient Communities framework):
For a more detailed understanding of climate projections in Fredericton, our consultations during the planning
process, and our vulnerability and risk assessments, visit adaptfredericton.ca or request a copy of the CCAP
Background Report from [email protected] or (506) 460-2020.
RISK ASSESSMENT
SOCIAL FACTORS
ECONOMIC FACTORS
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Public Health & Safety
Property Damage
Air
Displacement
Local Economy & Growth
Water
Loss of Likelihood
Community Livability
Soil & Vegetation
Cultural Aspects
Public Administration
Ecosystem Function
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
22
FREDERICTON IS A COMMUNITY RESILIENT
TO THE FORESEEABLE IMPACTS OF
CLIMATE CHANGE.
The City of Fredericton will continue to adapt to climate change through the implementation of the Climate
Change Adaptation Plan and by taking action in the six defined goal areas. The City will employ innovation
and progressive action in achieving the plan goals.
We will follow best practices to adapt proactively, focusing on City infrastructure, assets, operations and
service levels to minimize risk for residents, businesses and City staff.
VISION
MISSION
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
23
The City of Fredericton will demonstrate leadership
by continuing to build on the adaptation efforts it has
already taken over the past two decades.
The City of Fredericton will continue to maintain a
high level of services to residents, businesses and
institutions while adapting to climate change.
The City of Fredericton will work with a variety of
internal and external stakeholders to develop and
implement the Climate Change Adaptation Plan.
The City of Fredericton will remain open to adjusting its
Adaptation Plan as conditions change and new science,
data and adaptive measures become available.
The City of Fredericton will employ innovative
approaches to adaptation when appropriate.
The City of Fredericton will be transparent in its
progress towards completing the actions outlined in
the plan.
The City of Fredericton will play a role in educating
Frederictonians and City staff about climate change
and its impacts.
The City will build networks and partnerships to work
on common goals and mandates as they relate to
climate change adaptation.
Climate change adaptation will continue to be
integrated into City plans and policies and will be
considered as a factor in future municipal decisions
and ways of doing business.
Leadership
Integrity
Flexibility
Innovation
Transparency
Education
Collaboration
Integration
Partnership
GUIDING
PRINCIPLES
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
24
CROSS CUTTING IMPACTS
Includes impacts that will occur in multiple circumstances pertaining to shifts in weather patterns
- Extreme weather, freezing rain and heat will cause decreased lifecycle for building envelopes and some building
components and render design parameters for buildings insufficient
- An increase in public health and safety issues stemming from climatic events will increase the need to
communicate with and educate the public on impacts, risks, the City's role and the public's role
INCREASES IN SUMMER TEMPERATURES
Includes extreme heat, heat waves and longer summer-like season
- Increase in cancellations of recreation and tourism programming including special events and regular
programming and closure of outdoor facilities
- Increase in the demand for indoor recreation facilities and outdoor aquatic facilities and decrease the demand
for many other outdoor recreation facilities
- Increase in risks for outdoor workers, decrease in productivity and performance
- Increase in the demand for cooling centres within and outside of normal business hours
- More frequent and rapid spread of invasive species posing a threat to native and intentional species
- Extreme heat will render current asphalt design insufficient
INCREASES IN WINTER TEMPERATURES
Includes milder winters, and temperature variability and weather changes in shoulder seasons
- Increase in pest survival rates, leading to increased maintenance requirements for trees and vegetation and an
increase in asset losses
SUMMARY
OF IMPACTS
This list captures the potential impacts identified throughout the planning process that
scored above a V2 on ICLEI's vulnerability scale and above a Low on ICLEI's risk scale
(combined score for social, economic and environmental risks).
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
25
CHANGES IN PRECIPITATION PATTERNS AND RIVER FLOODING
Includes drought, river flooding and flooding associated with heavy rain events
- Disruption and/or damage to City-owned assets
- Increase in incidences in of wintertime overland flooding
- Decrease in the quality of sidewalk and trail maintenance
- Increase in road damage and delayed road repairs (winter rain /change in freeze-thaw cycles)
- Increase in heavy rainfall events will cause an overwhelming of the stormwater system, resulting in
overland flooding
- More risk of forest fire at urban wildland interfaces (drought/high heat)
EXTREME WEATHER
Includes hurricanes, tornadoes, high wind events, ice storms and other events
IMPACTS THAT SCORED LOW OR VERY LOW ON THE MATRIX BUT WILL BE MONITORED OR ADDRESSED AS
PART OF THIS STRATEGY:
- Delay of maintenance and construction projects
- Compromised telecommunications systems making
emergency response inefficient and increasing
public safety risks
- Increase in potential for downed wires, live wires
and fires
- Increase in the number of calls for service causing
more triaging of fire & police response
- An extended period of drought could impact the
aquifer, especially if the river gets very low
- Increase incidence of motor vehicle accidents and
river-related incidents causing risks for public safety
and primary responders
- Extreme heat and periods of drought will cause a
reduction in river water quality, increase the risk of
bacteria and may decrease aquatic recreation and
tourism opportunities and/or interest
- Extreme weather, extreme heat and freezing rain
increase the risk of staff injury, illness and MVAs
while at work
- Issues with condensation and mildew in buildings,
lift and booster stations and parking garages
- Increase in difficulty of fire operations in the rural
areas Fredericton Fire is contracted for (drought)
- Increases in incidences of the wastewater system
going into bypass
- Increase in energy use and cost to cool
City-owned facilities
- Increase in public emergencies and evacuations
- Increase incidence of people being isolated or
trapped in homes
- Increase in strain on municipal staff and financial
resources from more overall, overlapping and
back-to-back events
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
26
The Climate Change Adaptation Committee organized this input into six overarching goals that represent a
response to potential impacts currently identified as having the highest risk to the community and City operations
and assets. In addition to the six goals, cross-cutting actions were identified that will help to achieve each of the
other goals and aid in the implementation of the plan itself.
GOALS AND
ACTIONS
CROSS CUTTING ACTIONS
GOAL
GOAL
GOAL
GOAL
GOAL
GOAL
Consultations with City staff and the public led to the generation of many ideas for
actions, both big and small, to mitigate our risk and vulnerability to climate change
and to build resilience in City infrastructure, assets, operations and service levels and
ultimately, our community.
Maintain Health and Safety
Minimize Risk to Buildings and Properties
Strengthen Resilience of Core Built Municipal Infrastructure
Strengthen Resilience of Natural Infrastructure and Assets
Minimize Disruption to Municipal Services and Programs Offered
Create Partnerships and Empower the Community
6
5
4
3
2
1
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
27
These actions allow the City of Fredericton to integrate a climate perspective into plans, policies and decision-
making and follow through with the implementation of the Adaptation Plan. They ensure that staff are well-
informed and are able to make every effort to consider the impacts of climate change in workplans
CROSS
CUTTING ACTIONS
There are a number of actions that are cross-cutting across all or many of the goals in
this plan.
CROSS CUTTING ACTIONS
CC.1.
CC.2.
CC.3.
CC.4.
CC.5.
CC.7.
CC.6.
Incorporate climate change adaptation into the City's new Municipal Plan
Continue to integrate climate change adaptation considerations into Fredericton's future and
existing plans, policies and bylaws
Integrate reporting about climate change considerations into administrative reports
Integrate information about climate change impacts and adaptation into regular communications
Develop initiatives to educate City staff, local residents and businesses about climate change
impacts and adaptation
Ensure appropriate City staff are up to date on climate change projections, best practices and
relevant examples of adaptation work being carried out in other regions.
Develop a governance structure and schedule to regularly review the Climate Change Adaptation
Plan, the related actions, costs and funding, and the implementation plan/schedule to reassess
priorities, best practices and solutions
28
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
The changes in weather and climate patterns Fredericton will experience over the next several decades are
likely to cause disruption to our usual ways of life. Unexpected and unfamiliar events inherently create risk
because we don't necessarily have the right tools or knowledge to protect ourselves. Taking steps, collectively
and as individuals, to plan ahead and minimize impacts will be key to our wellbeing.
The City of Fredericton will do its part to maintain health and safety for its staff and for the public in the roles
it plays, such as providing access to emergency services and providing updates on safety risks associated
with flooding and extreme weather events. The City will work to enhance its services in these areas, including
increasing communications and helping citizens to prepare themselves.
Climate change creates and heightens health and safety concerns for the public and
for City staff and contractors. 1
GOAL 1:
MAINTAIN HEALTH AND SAFETY
29
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
1.6
1.8
1.10
1.7
1.9
1.11
Continue to offer free access to outdoor City pools during summers months and consider modified
schedules and/or expanded programming during periods of extreme heat.
Develop policies and procedures, where possible, to allow Management of outdoor workers to modify hours
and/or tasks during extreme heat and other extreme weather conditions
Investigate changes in policies and procedures for alternative work arrangements for non-essential staff
during extreme weather events and when road conditions are hazardous
Continue to offer bulk water and charging stations to individuals living outside City limits in times of
emergency and coordinate with outlying communities to share this information.
Regularly assess needs for new and/or modified equipment, gear and uniforms to keep staff comfortable
and safe in extreme heat and other extreme weather conditions
Offer opportunities for staff to learn about being prepared for events at both home and work, so they are
able to be at work to maintain essential services
City Staff Health and Safety
1.5
Complete the development of the Vulnerable Persons registry and continue to complete wellness checks
during times of emergency, prioritizing registered persons whenever possible.
Community Health and Safety
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.3
Continue to improve real-time communications to the public to provide information and directives
associated with impacts and issues relating to weather-related events and conditions such as: road
conditions, safety during storms and extreme weather events, water quality and swimming advisories, fire
bans and heat advisories
Continue to improve proactive communications to the public on climate and weather-related safety
measures such as being prepared for extreme weather events and minimizing their safety risks during and
after an event
Whenever possible, maintain and continue to incorporate natural and constructed shade and/or cooling
structures into public infrastructure and public spaces
Provide clear and up-to-date information on emergency shelters and heating and cooling stations and work
with partners to promote access to these services
ACTIONS
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
30
This includes basements flooding, cracked building foundations, and damaged landscapes. These damages,
caused by overland flooding, high winds, ice events, and changes to freeze thaw cycles, are expected to
increase. This requires changes to building and property designs, construction, management and maintenance.
For its own buildings, the City is able to modify specifications for renovations and new builds and review
current operational and maintenance practices and policies to minimize risks and damage. For private
property owners, the City can provide support through educational resources and updates to by-laws and
guidelines. The City can also make infrastructure investments, such as valving, to mitigate flooding risk at the
neighbourhood scale in some cases.
In recent years, Frederictonians and the City of Fredericton have experienced
increased incidences of weather-related damages to buildings and properties. 2
GOAL 2:
MINIMIZE RISKS TO BUILDINGS AND
PROPERTIES
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
31
2.5
2.8
2.10
2.6
2.7
2.9
Make climate change adaptation a consideration when replacing building components
Update by-laws, development guidelines and zoning regulations as required to reflect the most up-to-date
climate projections. This may include stormwater guidelines and modified by-laws for building in known
flood plains
Support and promote the installation and maintenance of backwater valves in individual residences, and
take a role in educating the public and developers about these devices
Ensure impacts on lifecycles of building components is considered when managing assets
Identify learning opportunities for integrating climate resilience into buildings
Implement changes to storm sewer and sanitary sewer by-laws to improve the resilience of residential and
commercial properties to climatic impacts.
Non-City-Owned Buildings and Properties:
2.4
Identify opportunities to make City buildings and properties more resilient to climate change impacts, while
realizing co-benefits such as GHG emissions mitigation (e.g. green roofs, rain gardens)
City-owned Buildings and Properties:
2.1
2.2
2.3
Identify new and modified preventative maintenance schedules and procedures
Continue to track data on building utility use and use the data to make decisions about modifications in
equipment and controls to maintain comfort in buildings and minimize cost increases
Identify and implement changes to building specifications when renovating or building to decrease future
impacts and associated costs from climate change
ACTIONS
2.11 Continue to undertake infrastructure projects that mitigate neighbourhood-level flooding in key areas of the
City, as per projects outlined in association with the Disaster Mitigations Adaptation Fund.
The city of Fredericton is finalizing a number of projects relating to Flood Resilience. The projects will take place over the next
eight years and include over $28M in work. The projects will be funded by the City of Fredericton and Infrastructure Canada's
Disaster Mitigation and Adaptation Fund.
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
32
These stressors may come from changes in the climate over time. For example, impacts from changes in
freeze-thaw patterns and the increase in number of high intensity rain events, require future infrastructure
renewal to be planned with these factors considered. Stressors may alternatively come in the form of
extreme weather events of higher intensity than previously seen, that can cause direct physical damage to
infrastructure. This requires an understanding of potential risks and outcomes and finding ways to minimize
those risks whenever possible.
Climate change puts an additional stress on core municipal infrastructure that must
continue to be considered moving forward. 3
GOAL 3:
STRENGTHEN RESILIENCE OF CORE BUILT
MUNICIPAL INFRASTRUCTURE
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
33
3.5
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.6
Seek out reliable data and expertise to improve stormwater management guidelines with attention to
minimizing impacts from climate stressors
Continue to upgrade culverts and bridges to mitigate service interruptions during flooding
Continue to upgrade back-up/emergency power generation to operate core infrastructure and deliver
core services
Engage with utilities and other levels of government to stay up to date on their infrastructure and climate
change adaptation plans to understand how the City of Fredericton and its residents may be impacted
Continue to review and manage stormwater systems to mitigate impacts relating to flooding
3.4
Continue with focused renewal of water and sewer infrastructure with attention to minimizing impacts from
climate stressors
3.1
3.2
3.3
Continue with focused infrastructure renewal and improvements to the transportation network to minimize
disruptions due to flooding
Seek expertise to develop resilient road design standards that will minimize multiple impacts from a
changing climate, including extreme heat and changes to freeze-thaw cycles
Expand the Active Transportation Network to mitigate transportation disruptions due to climate
change impacts
ACTIONS
34
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
Conditions may become favourable for the introduction and spread of invasive species; extreme weather events
may cause damage to trees and other natural features; warmer weather can cause stress in the summer; and
drought and changes in winter precipitation will take their toll as well. These changing conditions require that
the City continue to plan and adapt for our natural spaces and features to thrive. This includes making decisions
about how these spaces and features may need to change or be replaced for long-term resilience.
Fredericton's trees and natural places are a source of pride for the City and its
residents. They are sources of biodiversity and green infrastructure. These features
can unfortunately be impacted greatly by climate change. 4
GOAL 4:
BUILD RESILIENCE OF NATURAL
INFRASTRUCTURE AND ASSETS
35
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
4.5
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.6
Support the identification, mapping and monitoring of new invasive species that may arrive due to a
changing climate
Encourage and promote the planting of native vegetation along waterways to decrease risk of erosion
Encourage residents to plant gardens with native species and drought and water-tolerant plants to protect
biodiversity and minimize habitat loss
Continue and/or increase preventative maintenance and inspection of trees on public property to reduce
damage and hazards
Increase education and communication with the public about forest fire risk, especially at residences and
businesses adjacent to forested areas
Work collaboratively to develop and enhance current management plans and strategies to manage
invasive species
4.4
Update by-laws, development guidelines, policies and permitting processes to enhance green space,
ecosystem corridors and tree canopy on public and private properties
4.1
4.2
4.3
Continue to explore options to protect, improve and expand wetlands and areas in the upper watersheds
to protect habitat and biodiversity and mitigate flooding during periods of heavy rainfall, as per projects
outlined in association with the Disaster Mitigation Adaptation Fund
Collect data on the urban forest canopy to capture a snapshot and determine a future direction for urban
tree canopy management in a changing climate
Continue to run trials and experiments to identify new tree species that will thrive in a changing climate,
working collaboratively whenever possible
ACTIONS
4.7
4.8
Increase education and communication with the public about invasive species in a changing climate and how
people can monitor, report and minimize impact
Continue to integrate climate change adaptation considerations into City park plans and practices, including
preserving biodiversity and ecology, the use of native species, water and shade features, adequate tree
canopy and natural drainage features
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
36
Where safe and possible, the City is committed to finding solutions to minimize disruption to core services.
When services and programs need to be cancelled or delayed, the City strives to communicate efficiently and
effectively to individuals impacted.
Increasingly frequent and severe weather events may disrupt municipal services and
the usual day-to-day routines and schedules in our community. 5
GOAL 5:
MINIMIZE DISRUPTION TO MUNICIPAL
SERVICES AND PROGRAMS OFFERED
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
37
5.5
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.6
Continue to assess the effectiveness of the new Transit Policy for storms based on changing weather
patterns and conditions
Investigate the need for new tools, equipment and assets allow staff to continue to safely deliver services in
adverse weather conditions
Develop additional online / electronic tools for residents to access municipal services when access to
physical services centres is limited
Assemble a cross-departmental team to address changing service and program needs/wants due to a
changing climate, such as access to tourism and recreation services outside of their traditional seasons
Continue to encourage water conservation amongst residential and commercial consumers, and create a
plan for mandatory restrictions in the event it is necessary
Investigate the need and desire for expanded winter trail maintenance for use during milder weather
5.4
Develop an app and/or other communications tools to inform residents about the status of services
and programs
5.1
5.2
5.3
Assess opportunities for different forms of tourism and recreation as a result of the changing climate.
Assess the need for new infrastructure and assets to maintain the comfort and safety of the public and staff
during events and to minimize the cancellation of events.
Ensure there is a cohesive cross-departmental communications plan to notify the public of any disruptions
or cancellations to services and programs, as well as post-event clean-up and safety risks
ACTIONS
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
38
Planning for climate change, however, is bigger than the City of Fredericton, even within our community. There
is important work that is happening and needs to continue at the individual and community level, as well as
within the business community and among local researchers. The Provincial and Federal governments play
a role in ensuring climate change is addressed across our province and country. Of course, the decisions we
and our neighbouring communities make or don't make about climate change will impact one another. With
this in mind, the City of Fredericton plans to stay engaged in the work being done by others by others and will
collaborate and create partnerships where beneficial.
Climate change poses a wide array of potential risks and disruptions for residents
and individuals, organizations and businesses in Fredericton. Where it has the ability
to do so, the City of Fredericton is continuing to minimize climate change risks and
vulnerabilities, as outlined throughout this plan.6
GOAL 6:
CREATE PARTNERSHIPS AND EMPOWER
THE COMMUNITY
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
39
6.5
6.8
6.7
6.6
Share and amplify important messages about climate change in our community, including those about
emergency preparedness, household level adaptations, and others
Seek funding opportunities that will allow the City to support community-based actions
Seek out options to build capacity within our organization to adapt to climate change
Seek funding opportunities that will allow us to do more to implement the actions outlined in the plan
6.4
Work collaboratively with local businesses to identify solutions for attracting people to the business and
shopping districts after large-scale storms events and during flooding, when safe to do so
6.1
6.2
6.3
Stay engaged with climate change work happening at Provincial and Federal levels to understand outcomes
for municipalities in general, and infrastructure and assets in our community in particular
Stay engaged with climate change work happening through the actions of individuals, groups
and businesses in our community
Create and/or participate in partnerships and networks addressing climate change adaptation when
beneficial to all parties involved
ACTIONS
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
40
MONITORING AND REVIEW
NEXT STEPS
Monitoring and review are such important parts of the adaptation process that they have been included as an
action in this plan. Monitoring and review will include regularly reviewing the Climate Change Adaptation Plan, the
related actions, costs and funding, and the implementation plan/schedule to reassess priorities and actions. This
will take into account new projections, best practices, new technologies and lived experience of the impacts of
climate change.
Quantitative and qualitative indicators will be employed to track the implementation of the Climate Change
Adaptation Plan. Initially these indicators will largely be quantitative and process-based to identify the number
of actions completed or the progress made on action items. As results are seen from implementation, outcome-
based indicators will be added. Potential initial indicators can be found in Appendix C.
The City of Fredericton plans to move forward with the implementation of some of the actions right away,
beginning in 2020. Planning for many of the longer-term actions will also begin in 2020.
A preliminary implementation schedule has been developed to identify the timeline required to access the
resources (staff, partnerships, financial) required to carry out the actions. The implementation of the actions
is highly dependent on staff capacity and financial considerations; additionally actions that address higher risk
impacts often require more resources. Therefore, actions identified as priority may not always be completed
first. The schedule also takes into account projects and programs that are already underway or planned. In
addition, the implementation schedule is a living document that is subject to changes due to new information,
new adaptation priorities being identified, and new funding sources becoming available. The Implementation
Schedule can be found in Appendix B.
IMPLEMENTATION
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
41
APPENDICES
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
42
APPENDIX A:
SUMMARY OF CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTIONS
The following table shows the future expected changes in climate in Fredericton from the historical baseline
(1980-2010) during three periods - 2020's (2010-2039), 2050's (2040-2059) and 2080's (2060-2099) - according to
two different scenarios - RCP 4.5 (rapid decrease in global emissions post 2050) and RCP 8.5 (global emissions on
current trajectory). For a more detailed breakdown of projections, contact the City of Fredericton for a copy of the
Climate Change Adaptation Plan Background Report.
VARIABLE
1980-2010
2020
2050
2080
2020
2050
2080
Historical
RCP 4.5
RCP 4.5
RCP 4.5
RCP 8.5
RCP 8.5
RCP 8.5
Annual Mean Temp.
5.69
6.88
7.95
8.56
6.97
8.85
11.02
Winter Mean Temp.
-7.21
-5.72
-4.53
-3.78
-5.65
-3.5
-1.11
Spring Mean Temp.
4.9
5.99
7
7.57
6.02
7.8
9.8
Summer Mean Temp.
17.76
18.9
19.96
20.49
18.99
20.79
22.96
Autumn Mean Temp.
6.99
8.09
9.11
9.69
8.24
10.04
12.14
Cooling Degree Days
143.38
213.51
294.42
341
220.87
368.66
597.54
Heating Degree Days
4667.91
4301.47
3992.55
3818.39
4276.67
3737.88
3176.65
Annual Max Temp
>25˚C
49
62.14
74.48
80.34
63.43
83.74
106.64
Annual Max Temp
>30˚C
8.83
15.34
23.76
28.41
15.89
31.2
53.33
Annual Max Temp
>35˚C
0.1
0.79
2.34
3.42
0.86
4.11
12.51
Annual Min Temp <0˚C
70.07
58.88
51.08
46.58
58.66
44.45
31.7
Annual Min Temp
<-10˚C
11.59
8.09
6.17
5.14
8.06
4.7
2.24
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
43
All projections provided via Government of New Brunswick - Environment and Local Government, Climate Change
Secretariat from Roy, P. and Huard D. (2016). Future Climate Scenarios - Province of New Brunswick. Montreal:
Ouranos. 46 p. + Appendixes.
VARIABLE
1980-2010
2020
2050
2080
2020
2050
2080
Historical
RCP 4.5
RCP 4.5
RCP 4.5
RCP 8.5
RCP 8.5
RCP 8.5
Annual Min Temp
<-20˚C
0.14
0.09
0.05
0.03
0.09
0.02
0
Annual Total
Precipitation
1058.32
1096.3
1125.6
1149.5
1106.1
1148.7
1190.4
Winter Total
Precipitation
254.11
274.78
281.17
290.39
276.27
296.32
313.44
Spring Total
Precipitation
266.54
275.42
288.52
292.08
281.94
293.21
312.61
Summer Total
Precipitation
250.95
255.27
258.72
267.76
260.3
263.57
267.13
Autumn Total
Precipitation
288.95
296.95
303.76
306.02
293.75
302.18
304.02
Annual Freeze-Thaw
(F/T) Days
103.25
97.17
89.64
85.69
96.1
84.03
72.83
Spring F/T Days
30.5
33.96
36.06
37.31
33.9
37.93
40.58
Autumn F/T Days
39.43
34.29
29.06
26.13
33.97
25.11
17.92
Winter F/T Days
32.59
27.71
23.33
21.07
27.03
19.77
13.26
Growing
Season Length
191.86
201.65
213.02
220.44
202.35
223.88
255.65
Annual Total Rain Days
146.75
144.02
144.53
144.99
144.19
144.93
145.06
Annual Total
Snow Days
48.85
45.03
43.04
41.05
44.53
40.2
33.5
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
44
APPENDIX B:
PRELIMINARY IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE
ACTION
ID
ACTION
IMPLEMENTATION
LEAD
ASSOCIATED
MUNICIPAL PLANS/POLICIES/
STRATEGIES
CC.1
Incorporate climate change adaptation into
the City's new Municipal Plan
Planning
Official Plan
CC.2
Continue to integrate climate change
adaptation considerations into
Fredericton's future and existing and future
plans, policies and bylaws
All
All (e.g. Growth Strategy, Active
Transportation Connection Plan,
Emergency Management Plan)
CC.3
Integrate reporting about climate change
considerations into administrative reports
City Clerk
Administrative reports
CC.4
Integrate information about climate change
impacts and adaptation into regular
communications
Communications
CC.5
Develop initiatives to educate City staff,
local residents and businesses about
climate change impacts and adaptation
Engineering
(Environmental)
Communications
Climate Change Adaptation
Plan, Energy Plans; Emergency
Management Plan
CC.6
Develop a governance structure and
schedule to regularly review the Climate
Change Adaptation Plan, the related
actions, costs and funding, and the
implementation plan/schedule to reassess
priorities, best practices and solutions
Engineering
(Environmental),
CAO
Climate Change
Adaptation Plan
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
45
POTENTIAL PARTNERS
LEVEL OF
EFFORT
ANTICIPATED
TIMING
DURATION
ESTIMATED
RESOURCES
N/A
Low
2019-2020
Short-term
$
N/A
Medium
2020 onwards
Short to medium-
term
$
N/A
Low
2020-2021
Short-term
$
N/A
Medium
2020 onwards
Short to medium-
term
$
Red Cross, Public
Health, Public Safety,
NB DELG, UNB
Medium
2021-2024
Short to medium-
term
$$
N/A
Low
2020-2021
Short to
medium-term
$
$
$$
= < $25,000
= $25,000 - $100,000
= $100,000 - $300,000
= $300,000 - $500,000
= > $500,0000
$$$
$$$$
$$$$$
COST LEGEND
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
46
ACTION
ID
ACTION
IMPLEMENTATION
LEAD
ASSOCIATED
MUNICIPAL PLANS/POLICIES/
STRATEGIES
CC.7
Ensure appropriate City staff are up
to date on climate change projections,
best practices and relevant examples of
adaptation work being carried out in other
regions
Engineering
(Environmental)
Climate Change
Adaptation Plan, Emergency
Management Plan
1.1
Continue to improve real-time
communications to the public to provide
information and directives associated with
impacts and issues relating to weather-
related events and conditions such as:
road conditions, safety during storms and
extreme weather events, water quality and
swimming advisories, fire bans and heat
advisories
Communications,
EMO, Engineering,
Recreation, Police
Emergency Management Plan,
Transit Policy
1.2
Continue to improve proactive
communications to the public on climate
and weather-related safety measures such
as being prepared for extreme weather
events and minimizing their safety risks
during and after an event
Communications,
EMO, Police,
Engineering
Emergency
Management Plan
1.3
Provide clear and up-to-date information
on emergency shelters and heating and
cooling stations and work with partners to
promote access to these services
EMO,
Communications
Emergency
Management Plan
1.4
Whenever possible, maintain and continue
to incorporate natural and constructed
shade and/or cooling structures into public
infrastructure and public spaces
Engineering, Parks
& Trees, Recreation
Tree Management Plan
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
47
POTENTIAL PARTNERS
LEVEL OF
EFFORT
ANTICIPATED
TIMING
DURATION
ESTIMATED
RESOURCES
NB DELG
Low-medium
2021 onwards
Short to
medium-term
$-$$
Media
Low -
Medium
2020 onwards
Short to
medium-term
$$-$$$
Media, Red Cross
Low-medium
2020 onwards
Short to
medium-term
$$
Red Cross, Public
Health, NB EMO,
Salvation Army
Low-medium
2020-2021
Short to
medium-term
$
UNB, MCFT
Medium
2020+ (nat)
2022+ (cons)
Medium-term
$$$-$$$$
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
48
ACTION
ID
ACTION
IMPLEMENTATION
LEAD
ASSOCIATED
MUNICIPAL PLANS/POLICIES/
STRATEGIES
1.5
Complete the development of the
Vulnerable Persons Registry and continue
to complete wellness checks during times
of emergency, prioritizing registered
persons whenever possible
Police, EMO
Emergency
Management Plan
1.6
Continue to offer access to outdoor
aquatic facilities during summer months
and consider modified schedules and/or
expanded programming during periods of
extreme heat
Recreation,
Engineering
(Building Services)
N/A
1.7
Continue to offer bulk water and charging
stations to individuals living outside City
limits in times of emergency and coordinate
with outlying communities to share this
information
Water & Sewer
N/A
1.8
Develop policies and procedures, where
possible, to allow Management of outdoor
workers to modify hours and/or tasks
during extreme heat and other extreme
weather conditions
Engineering,
Recreation,
Tourism
Corporate Policy
1.9
Regularly assess needs for new and/or
modified equipment, gear and uniforms to
keep staff comfortable and safe in extreme
heat and other extreme weather conditions
All, Fleet
Corporate Policy
1.10
Investigate changes in policies and
procedures for alternative work
arrangements for non-essential staff during
extreme weather events and when road
conditions are hazardous
HR (lead) / All
Corporate Policy
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
49
POTENTIAL PARTNERS
LEVEL OF
EFFORT
ANTICIPATED
TIMING
DURATION
ESTIMATED
RESOURCES
TBD
Medium
2021-2022
Short to medium-
term
$$-$$$
N/A
Low-medium
2021-2022
Short to medium-
term
$-$$
RSC 11
Low
2020 onwards
Short-term
$
WorkSafe
Low-medium
2020-2022
Short-medium term
$
N/A
Low
2021 onwards
Short-medium term
$$
N/A
Low-Medium
2021-2022
Short-medium term
$-$$
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
50
ACTION
ID
ACTION
IMPLEMENTATION
LEAD
ASSOCIATED
MUNICIPAL PLANS/POLICIES/
STRATEGIES
1.11
Offer opportunities for staff to learn about
being prepared for events at both home
and work, so they are able to be at work to
maintain essential services
HR / Environmental
Coordinator
N/A
2.1
Identify new and modified preventative
maintenance schedules and procedures for
building systems
Engineering
Capital Replacement Policy;
Corporate Energy Plan
2.2
Continue to track data on building utility
use and use the data to make decisions
about modifications in equipment and
controls to maintain comfort in buildings
and minimize cost increases
Engineering
(Building Services)
Corporate Energy Plan
2.3
Identify and implement changes to building
specifications when renovating or building
to decrease future impacts and associated
costs from climate change
Engineering
(Building Services)
Capital Replacement Policy
2.4
Identify opportunities to make City
buildings and properties more resilient to
climate change impacts, while realizing co-
benefits such as GHG emissions mitigation
(e.g. green roofs, rain gardens)
Engineering
(Buildings Services)
Capital Replacement Policy
2.5
Make climate change adaptation a
consideration when replacing building
components
Engineering
(Building Services)
Capital Replacement Policy
2.6
Ensure impacts on lifecycles of building
components is considered when managing
assets
Engineering
(Building Services)
Capital Replacement Policy
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
51
POTENTIAL PARTNERS
LEVEL OF
EFFORT
ANTICIPATED
TIMING
DURATION
ESTIMATED
RESOURCES
COF E4E Group
Low
2020 onwards
Short-term
$
N/A
Medium
2022-2025
Medium-term
$$-$$$
MCW
Medium
2021 onwards
Medium-long term
$
N/A
Medium-high
2022-2024
Medium-long term
$-$$$
FCM
Medium-high
2022-2024
Medium-long term
$-$$$
FCM
Medium-High
2022-2024
Medium-long term
$-$$$
N/A
Medium
2022-2024
Medium-term
$
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
52
ACTION
ID
ACTION
IMPLEMENTATION
LEAD
ASSOCIATED
MUNICIPAL PLANS/POLICIES/
STRATEGIES
2.7
Identify learning opportunities for
integrating climate resilience into buildings
Engineering
(Building Services)
Capital Replacement Policy
2.8
Update by-laws, development guidelines
and zoning regulations as required
to reflect the most up-to-date climate
projections. This may include stormwater
guidelines and modified by-laws for
building in known flood plains
Planning & by-law
services
By-laws, zoning
2.9
Implement changes to storm sewer and
sanitary sewer by-laws to improve the
resilience of residential and commercial
propoerties to climatic impacts
Planning,
Engineering, EMO,
Communications
By-laws, zoning
2.10
Support and promote the installation
and maintenance of backwater valves in
individual residences, and take a role in
educating the public and developers about
these devices.
Engineering, EMO,
Communications
N/A
2.11
Continue to undertake infrastructure
projects that mitigate neighbourhood-level
flooding in key areas of the City, as per
projects outlined in association with the
Disaster Mitigation Adaptation Fund
Engineering
Flood Resilience
3.1
Continue with focused infrastructure
renewal and improvements to the
transportation network to minimize
disruptions due to flooding
Engineering
Flood Resilience
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
53
POTENTIAL PARTNERS
LEVEL OF
EFFORT
ANTICIPATED
TIMING
DURATION
ESTIMATED
RESOURCES
N/A
Low
2020-2023
Short to medium-
term
$
N/A
Medium
2021-2025
Short-long-term
$-$$
Community groups
TBD
Low
2021-2023
Short-medium term
$-$$
Community groups
TBD
Low
2021-2023
Short-medium term
$-$$
N/A
Medium-high
As per DMAF
project schedule
Short-medium term
$$$$$
FCM, NB-DTI
High
As per DMAF
project schedule
Short-medium term
$$$$$
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
54
ACTION
ID
ACTION
IMPLEMENTATION
LEAD
ASSOCIATED
MUNICIPAL PLANS/POLICIES/
STRATEGIES
3.2
Seek expertise to develop resilient road
design standards that will minimize
multiple impacts from a changing climate,
including extreme heat and changes to
freeze-thaw cycles
Engineering
Flood Resilience
3.3
Expand the Active Transportation Network
to mitigate transportation disruptions due
to climate change impacts
Engineering
Active Transportation Connection
Plan
3.4
Continue with focused renewal of water
and sewer infrastructure with attention to
minimizing impacts from climate stressors
Engineering, Water
& Sewer
Capital Renewal Policy
3.5
Seek out reliable data and expertise
to improve stormwater management
guidelines with attention to minimizing
impacts from climate stressors
Engineering
Stormwater Design Guidelines
3.6
Continue to review and manage
stormwater systems to mitigate impacts
relating to flooding
Engineering
Stormwater Design Guidelines
3.7
Continue to upgrade culverts and bridges
to mitigate service interruptions during
flooding
Engineering
Flood Resilience
3.8
Continue to upgrade back-up/emergency
power generation to operate core
infrastructure and deliver core services
Water & Sewer
Capital Renewal Policy
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
55
POTENTIAL PARTNERS
LEVEL OF
EFFORT
ANTICIPATED
TIMING
DURATION
ESTIMATED
RESOURCES
NB-DTI
Medium-High
2022-2025
Mediu to long-term
$$$-$$$$
FCM
Medium-High
2021-2025
Short-medium term
$$$$$
N/A
High
As per renewal
Sort-long term
$$$$$
N/A
Low
2022-2023
Medium-term
$-$$
Ducks Unlimited,
NB-DTI
Medium-high
As per renewal
Medium-term
$$$$$
NB-DTI, Infrastructure
Canada
High
As per renewal
Medium term
$$$$$
N/A
Low-medium
2021 -2025
Short-medium term
$$$-$$$$
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
56
ACTION
ID
ACTION
IMPLEMENTATION
LEAD
ASSOCIATED
MUNICIPAL PLANS/POLICIES/
STRATEGIES
3.9
Engage with utilities and other levels
of government to stay up to date on
their infrastructure and climate change
adaptation plans to understand how the
City of Fredericton and its residents may be
impacted
Engineering
N/A
3.10
Continue to upgrade back-up/emergency
power generation to operate core
infrastructure and deliver core services
Water & Sewer
Capital Renewal Policy
4.1
Continue to explore options to protect,
improve and expand wetlands and areas
in the upper watersheds to protect habitat
and biodiversity and to mitigate flooding
during periods of heavy rainfall, as per
projects outlined in association with the
Disaster Mitigation Adaptation Fund
Engineering
Municipal Plan
4.2
Collect data on the urban forest canopy
to capture a snapshot and determine a
future direction for urban tree canopy
management in a changing climate.
Engineering (Parks
& Trees)
Tree Management Plan
4.3
Continue to run trials and experiments to
identify new tree species that will thrive in
a changing climate, working collaboratively
whenever possible.
Engineering (Parks
& Trees)
Tree Management Plan
4.4
Update by-laws, development guidelines,
policies and permitting processes to
enhance green space, ecosystem corridors
and tree canopy on public and private
properties.
Planning
Growth strategy, park plans
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
57
POTENTIAL PARTNERS
LEVEL OF
EFFORT
ANTICIPATED
TIMING
DURATION
ESTIMATED
RESOURCES
NB Power, Liberty
Utilities
Low
2020 onwards
Short-term
$
N/A
Low-medium
2021 -2025
Short-medium term
$$$-$$$$
Community groups
TBD
Medium-high
As per DMAF
project schedule
Medium-long-term
$$$$-$$$$$
Researchers, UNB
students
Low-medium
2021-2024
Short-medium-term
$$
Researchers, UNB
students
Low-medium
2020-ongoing
Short-long-term
$$-$$$
Community groups
TBD
Medium-high
2023-2025
Medium-long-term
$-$$
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
58
ACTION
ID
ACTION
IMPLEMENTATION
LEAD
ASSOCIATED
MUNICIPAL PLANS/POLICIES/
STRATEGIES
4.5
Support the identification, mapping and
monitoring of new invasive species that
may arrive due to a changing climate.
Engineering (Parks
& Trees)
Tree Management Plan
4.6
Work collaboratively to develop and
enhance current management plans and
strategies to manage invasive species.
Engineering (Parks
& Trees)
Tree Management Plan
4.7
Increase education and communication
with the public about invasive species in
a changing climate and share information
on how people can monitor, report and
minimize impact.
Planning,
Engineering (Parks
& Trees)
Tree Management Plan
4.8
Continue to integrate climate change
adaptation considerations into City park
plans and practices, including preserving
biodiversity and ecology, the use of
native species, water and shade features,
adequate tree canopy and natural drainage
features.
Engineering
(Parks & Trees),
Communications
Park plans
4.9
Encourage and promote the planting of
native vegetation along waterways to
decrease risk of erosion.
Planning,
Engineering
(Parks & Trees),
Communications
Municipal Plan
4.10
Encourage residents to plant gardens with
native species and drought and water-
tolerant plants to protect biodiversity and
minimize habitat loss.
Engineering,
Planning,
Communications
N/A
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
59
POTENTIAL PARTNERS
LEVEL OF
EFFORT
ANTICIPATED
TIMING
DURATION
ESTIMATED
RESOURCES
Researchers,
community groups
TBD
Medium-Low
2022-2025
Short-long-term
$$
Researchers,
community groups
TBD
Medium
2021-2025
Short-long-term
$$
Researchers,
community groups
TBD
Medium
As needed
Medium-term
$$
Community groups
TBD
Low-medium
2021-ongoing
Short-long -term
$$-$$$
Community groups
TBD
Low
2021-2023
Short-medium term
$
Community groups
TBD
Low
2021-2023
Short-medium term
$
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
60
ACTION
ID
ACTION
IMPLEMENTATION
LEAD
ASSOCIATED
MUNICIPAL PLANS/POLICIES/
STRATEGIES
4.11
Continue and/or increase preventative
maintenance and inspection of trees on
public property to reduce damage and
hazards.
Engineering (Parks
& Trees)
Tree Management Plan
4.12
Increase education and communication
with the public about forest fire risk,
especially at residences and businesses
adjacent to forested areas.
Fire, EMO,
Communications
N/A
5.1
Assess opportunities for different forms of
tourism and recreation as a result of the
changing climate
Tourism,
Recreation
N/A
5.2
Assess the need for new infrastructure and
assets to maintain the comfort and safety
of staff and the public during events and to
minimize the cancellation of events
Tourism,
Recreation,
Engineering
Asset Management Plan
5.3
Ensure there is a cohesive cross-
departmental communications plan to
notify the public of any disruptions or
cancellations to services and programs, as
well as post-event clean-up and safety risks
Communications,
All
N/A
5.4
Develop an app and/or other
communications tools to inform residents
about the status of services and programs
Corporate
Communications
Emergency Management Plan
5.5
Continue to assess the effectiveness of
the new Transit Policy for storms based on
changing weather patterns and conditions
Engineering
(Transit)
Transit Policy
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
61
POTENTIAL PARTNERS
LEVEL OF
EFFORT
ANTICIPATED
TIMING
DURATION
ESTIMATED
RESOURCES
N/A
Medium
2020-ongoing
Medium-term
$$$
TBD
Low-medium
2021-2023
Short-medium term
$$
User groups
Medium
2023-2025
Medium-term
$$$-$$$$$
User groups
Medium
2021-2023
Medium-term
$$-$$$$
TBD
Medium
2021-2023
Medium-term
$$
N/A
Low
2020-2021
Short-term
$$
N/A
Low
2020-2022
Short-medium term
$
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
62
ACTION
ID
ACTION
IMPLEMENTATION
LEAD
ASSOCIATED
MUNICIPAL PLANS/POLICIES/
STRATEGIES
5.6
Investigate the need and desire for
expanded winter trail maintenance for use
during milder weather
Engineering (Parks
& Trees)
Active Transportation Connection
Plan
5.7
Investigate the need for new tools,
equipment and assets that allow staff
to continue to safely deliver services in
adverse weather conditions
All
Corporate Policy
5.8
Develop additional online / electronic tools
for residents to access municipal services
when access to physical services centres
is limited
Corporate Services,
I&I
Digital Fredericton
5.9
Assemble a cross-departmental team to
address changing service and program
needs/wants due to a changing climate,
such as access to tourism and recreation
services outside of their traditional seasons
Recreation,
Tourism and
Community
Engagement
N/A
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
63
POTENTIAL PARTNERS
LEVEL OF
EFFORT
ANTICIPATED
TIMING
DURATION
ESTIMATED
RESOURCES
N/A
Medium-High
2023-2025
Short-long term
$$-$$$
N/A
Medium
2021-2024
Short-medium term
$$$
N/A
Medium-High
2022-2025
Medium-long term
$$$$$
TBD
Low-medium
2022-2025
Medium-term
$-$$
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
64
ACTION
ID
ACTION
IMPLEMENTATION
LEAD
ASSOCIATED
MUNICIPAL PLANS/POLICIES/
STRATEGIES
5.10
Continue to encourage water conservation
amongst residential and commercial
consumers, and create a plan for
mandatory restrictions in the event it
is necessary
Water & Sewer
6.1
Stay engaged with climate change work
happening at a provincial and federal level
to understand outcomes for municipalities
in general, and infrastructure and assets in
our community in particular.
Planning,
Engineering
(Environmental),
Growth &
Community
Services
N/A
6.2
Stay engaged with climate change work
happening within our community by
individuals, groups and businesses
Planning,
Engineering
(Environmental)
N/A
6.3
Create and/or participate in partnerships
and networks addressing climate
change adaptation when beneficial to all
parties involved
Engineering
(Environmental),
All
N/A
6.4
Work collaboratively with local businesses
to identify solutions for attracting people
to the business and shopping districts
after large-scale storm events and during
flooding, when safe to do so
Recreation,
Tourism and
Community
Engagement
N/A
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
65
POTENTIAL PARTNERS
LEVEL OF
EFFORT
ANTICIPATED
TIMING
DURATION
ESTIMATED
RESOURCES
N/A
Low
2020 onwards
Short-term
$-$$
Provincial and federal
governments
Low-medium
2020 onwards
$
TBD
Low-medium
2020 onwards
$
TBD
Low-medium
2020 onwards
Short-medium term
$-$$
Downtown
Fredericton Inc,
Business Fredericton
North
Low-medium
2022-2024
Medium-term
$$
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
66
ACTION
ID
ACTION
IMPLEMENTATION
LEAD
ASSOCIATED
MUNICIPAL PLANS/POLICIES/
STRATEGIES
6.5
Share and amplify important messages
about climate change in our community,
including those about emergency
preparedness, household level adaptations,
and others
Communications
N/A
6.6
Seek funding opportunities that will allow
us to do more to implement the actions
outlined in this plan
Engineering
(Environmental)
Climate Change Adaptation Plan;
All (e.g. Growth Strategy, Active
Transportation Connection Plan,
Emergency Management Plan)
6.7
Seek out options to build capacity within
our organization to adapt to climate change
All
All (e.g. Growth Strategy, Active
Transportation Connection Plan,
Emergency Management Plan)
6.8
Seek funding opportunities that
will allow the City to support
community-based actions
Engineering
(Environment)
N/A
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
67
POTENTIAL PARTNERS
LEVEL OF
EFFORT
ANTICIPATED
TIMING
DURATION
ESTIMATED
RESOURCES
TBD
Low
2020 onwards
Short-term
$$
TBD
Low
2020 onwards
Short-Long term
$
TBD
Low-medium
2020 onwards
Short-Long term
$
N/A
Low
2020 onwards
$
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
68
APPENDIX C:
POTENTIAL INDICATORS
GOAL 1: MAINTAIN HEALTH AND SAFETY
GOAL 2: MINIMIZE RISK TO BUILDINGS AND PROPERTIES
RECOMMENDED INDICATOR
POTENTIAL SOURCE
# of deaths relating to extreme heat & weather events
Public Health
# of hospitalizations relating to extreme heat & weather events
Public Health
# of vulnerable persons registrations
Fredericton Police / Red Cross
# of vulnerable persons checks
Fredericton Police / Red Cross
# of times freshwater tests are above maximum contaminant level
Internal reporting
# of beach closures per year
Internal reporting
Proportion of shade coverage in public spaces
Internal reporting
# of employee injuries and absences due to heat/weather related illness/stress
Internal reporting
# of employees trained in basic emergency preparedness
Internal reporting
RECOMMENDED INDICATOR
POTENTIAL SOURCE
Number of reported properties experiencing flooding
Government of
New Brunswick/internal reporting
Number and/or cost of insurance claims from extreme weather
events in the community
Government of
New Brunswick/internal reporting
Total losses (dollar value) due to weather related events incurred by the City
Internal reporting
% of total housing and development permitted in flood plain
Internal reporting
% of population living in 100-year flood plain
Internal reporting
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
69
GOAL 3: STRENGTHEN RESILIENCE OF CORE MUNICIPAL INFRASTRUCTURE
RECOMMENDED INDICATOR
POTENTIAL SOURCE
# of rain events that exceed design standards/year
Internal reporting - Engineering
Annual cost of road maintenance
Internal reporting - Roadway
Operations, Finance
# of potholes per km of road (indicator of freeze-thaw cycles)
Internal reporting - Roadway
Operations
# of sanitary sewer overflows per year
Internal reporting - Pollution Control
Annual cost of sewer infrastructure maintenance, repairs and new construction
Internal reporting - Wastewater
Operations, Finance
# of implemented green infrastructure projects
Internal reporting - Engineering
Total losses (dollar value) due to weather related events incurred by the City
Internal reporting - Finance
# of road washouts
Internal reporting - Engineering
# of actions from Flood Resilience Plan completed
Internal reporting - Engineering
#/% of infrastructure projects implemented with climate change factors
considered
Internal reporting - Engineering
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
70
GOAL 4: MINIMIZE DAMAGE TO PARKS, TREES AND NATURAL SPACES & FEATURES
GOAL 5: MINIMIZE DISRUPTION TO MUNICIPAL SERVICES AND PROGRAMS OFFERED
RECOMMENDED INDICATOR
POTENTIAL SOURCE
Mortality rate of trees in public inventory
Internal reporting - Parks & Trees
Mortality rate of trees, by species
Internal reporting - Parks & Trees
Tree canopy coverage
Internal reporting - Parks & Trees
Number of species exceeding 10% of total tree inventory (to measure risk)
Internal reporting - Parks & Trees
Total number of tree species and genii in the public tree inventory
Internal reporting - Parks & Trees
Dollars expended on abatement per year
Internal reporting - Parks & Trees
Change in # of invasive species/pests
Internal reporting - Parks & Trees
Trees/canopy coverage lost to invasive pests
Internal reporting - Parks & Trees
# of outreach programs/individuals engaged
Internal reporting - Parks & Trees /
Environment
#/% of infrastructure projects implemented with climate change factors
considered
Internal reporting - Engineering
RECOMMENDED INDICATOR
POTENTIAL SOURCE
# of events/programs cancelled
Internal reporting - Rec/Tourism
# of closures
Internal reporting - Rec/Tourism/
Building Services
# of service interruptions (Transit, Service Centre)
Internal reporting
# of requests for information regarding closures & cancellations
Internal reporting
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION PLAN
71
GOAL 6: CREATE PARTNERSHIPS AND EMPOWER THE COMMUNITY
RECOMMENDED INDICATOR
POTENTIAL SOURCE
# of partnerships/networks re: climate change
Internal reporting
# of interactions with other levels of government re: climate change
Internal reporting
$ received for funding climate change projects
Internal reporting
$ dispersed to community for climate change projects
Internal reporting
CLIMATE
CHANGE
ADAPTATION
PLAN
CITY OF FREDERICTON