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TOWN OF GRAND BAY-WESTFIELD
Community Climate
Adaptation Plan
March 2021
Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Community Climate Change Adaptation Plan - Final Report
March 2021
Commercial Confidentiality Statement
This document contains trade secrets or scientific, technical, commercial, financial and labour or employee relations
information which is considered to be confidential to Dillon Consulting Limited ("Dillon"). Dillon does not consent to the
disclosure of this information to any third party or person not in your employ. Additionally, you should not disclose such
confidential information to anyone in your organization except on a "need-to-know" basis and after such individual has agreed
to maintain the confidentiality of the information and with the understanding that you remain responsible for the maintenance
of such confidentiality by people within your organization. If the head or any other party within any government institution
intends to disclose this information, or any part thereof, then Dillon requires that it first be notified of that intention. Such
notice should be addressed to: Dillon Consulting Limited, 235 Yorkland Boulevard, Suite 800, Toronto, Ontario M2J 4Y8,
Attention: President.
Your Environmental Trust Fund at work
Votre Fonds en fiducie pour l'environnement au travail
This project was made possible with support from the New Brunswick Environmental Trust Fund
Table of Contents
i
Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Community Climate Change Adaptation Plan - Final Report
March 2021
Table of Contents
ExecuƟve Summary
iv
Vulnerability Assessment ................................................................................................................................ iv
Infrastructure Assessment .............................................................................................................................. iv
SpaƟal Assessment .......................................................................................................................................... v
Planning Review ............................................................................................................................................. vi
AdaptaƟons and RecommendaƟons................................................................................................................ vi
1.0 IntroducƟon
1
1.1 Project Background .................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Project Scope ............................................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Stakeholder Engagement ........................................................................................................................... 3
1.3.1 Town Project Team ................................................................................................................................. 3
1.3.2 Social Pinpoint Online Engagement ......................................................................................................... 5
2.0 Vulnerability Assessment
8
2.1 Vulnerability Assessment Methodology ...................................................................................................... 8
2.1.1 Background Review ................................................................................................................................. 8
2.2 Infrastructure Assessment Methodology .................................................................................................. 13
2.2.1 Step 1: Risk InteracƟons ........................................................................................................................ 13
2.2.2 Step 2: Probability Of Occurrence .......................................................................................................... 13
2.2.3 Step 3: Severity of Impact...................................................................................................................... 14
2.2.4 Step 4: InteracƟon Risk Score ................................................................................................................ 15
2.3 SpaƟal Assessment Methodology ............................................................................................................. 16
2.4 Planning Review ....................................................................................................................................... 17
3.0 Vulnerability Assessment Results
18
3.1 Infrastructure Assessment Results ............................................................................................................ 18
3.1.2 Water, Wastewater, and Stormwater Assets ......................................................................................... 19
3.1.1 TransportaƟon Assets ........................................................................................................................... 20
3.1.3 Community Structures .......................................................................................................................... 20
3.1.4 RecreaƟonal elements........................................................................................................................... 21
3.1.5 Community Elements ............................................................................................................................ 21
Table of Contents
ii
Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Community Climate Change Adaptation Plan - Final Report
March 2021
3.2 SpaƟal Assessment Results ....................................................................................................................... 21
3.3 Planning Review Results ........................................................................................................................... 22
3.3.1 Flooding ................................................................................................................................................ 22
3.3.2 Heat Risk ............................................................................................................................................... 22
3.3.3 Drought ................................................................................................................................................ 23
4.0 AdaptaƟon Planning
24
4.1 AdaptaƟon Planning Methodology ........................................................................................................... 24
4.2 AdaptaƟon Measures and RecommendaƟons .......................................................................................... 24
4.2.1 AdaptaƟon Measures ............................................................................................................................ 24
4.3.1 RecommendaƟons ................................................................................................................................ 30
4.4 Planning AdaptaƟons ............................................................................................................................... 32
5.0 Conclusion 34
5.1 LimitaƟons ............................................................................................................................................... 34
5.1.1 Climate Data LimitaƟons ....................................................................................................................... 35
References
36
Figures
Figure 1. Vulnerabilities Identified on Social Pinpoint Mapping Activity ............................................................ 5
Figure 2. Engagement Summary ....................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 3. Screenshot of Survey Question 1 ....................................................................................................... 7
Figure 4. Screenshot of Survey Question 2 ....................................................................................................... 7
Figure 5. Interaction Risk Scoring Criteria ....................................................................................................... 16
Figure 6. Spatial Assessment Methodology .................................................................................................... 17
Table of Contents
iii
Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Community Climate Change Adaptation Plan - Final Report
March 2021
Tables
Table 1: Engagement Sessions/ Meetings Summary ......................................................................................... 4
Table 2: Infrastructure Assessment - Asset Listing ............................................................................................ 9
Table 3: Spatial Assessment - Asset Listing ..................................................................................................... 10
Table 4: Climate Data Projections................................................................................................................... 12
Table 5: Probability of Climate Hazard Occurring ............................................................................................ 14
Table 6: Severity of Climate Hazard Impact .................................................................................................... 15
Table 7. Moderate and High Risk Assets ......................................................................................................... 18
Table 8. Adaptations and Recommendations.................................................................................................. 25
Appendices
A
Vulnerability InteracƟon Matrix and Scores
B
Flooding and Risk Discussion Maps
C
SpaƟal Assessment Results
D
AdaptaƟons and RecommendaƟons
274 Sydney Street
Suite 200
Saint John
New Brunswick
Canada
E2L 0A8
Telephone
506.633.5000
Fax
506.633.5110
Dillon Consulting
Limited
March 16, 2021
Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
609 River Valley Drive
Grand Bay-Westfield, NB
E5K 4V3
Attention:
John Enns-Wind, Chief Administrative Officer, Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
RE:
Community Climate Change Adaptation Plan
Dillon Consulting Limited is pleased to present the final report for the Community Climate
Change Adaptation Plan for the Town of Grand Bay-Westfield. This report summarizes the
overall project context, methodology and results including the identification of anticipated
climate-related infrastructure and service vulnerabilities as well as adaptive measures and
recommendations to respond to the identified issues. We would like to thank the Town of
Grand Bay-Westfield for the opportunity. It has been a pleasure working with you on this
project.
Sincerely,
DILLON CONSULTING LIMITED
Julie DiCicco, M.A.Sc., P.Eng.
Project Manager, Associate
JD:jmg
Attachment:
Grand Bay-Westfield Community Climate Change Adaptation Plan
cc:
David Taylor, Development & Planning Officer, Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Bruce Gault, Works Commissioner, Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Troy Gautreau, Fire Chief, Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Our file: 20-3070
Executive Summary
iv
Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Community Climate Change Adaptation Plan - Final Report
March 2021
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In 2020, Dillon Consulting Limited (Dillon) worked collaboratively with the Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
(the Town or GBW) to submit a proposal to the Environmental Trust Fund (ETF) of New Brunswick to
seek funding to develop a climate change vulnerability assessment and adaptation plan. Upon approval
of this funding request, Dillon was engaged to help complete a community Climate Change Adaptation
Plan (CCAP).
The main objectives of this CCAP are to identify the climate change vulnerabilities of Town
infrastructure, assets, and components, and to develop strategic adaptation measures that will increase
the Town's resilience to climate change.
VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
The project employed three methods for assessing Town infrastructure. (1) Infrastructure assessment in
alignment with approaches defined within ISO 31000 - Risk Management Principles and Guidelines, (2)
Spatial assessment to determine Town components impacted by flood events using expected high flood
elevations, and (3) Planning review to discuss the potential climate change impacts on GBW's future
development, growth, and general population.
INFRASTRUCTURE ASSESSMENT
The purpose of the infrastructure assessment was to identify climate change impacts to specific
categories of within the Town's portfolio of public infrastructure. The asset categories and
corresponding key components evaluated in this project are:
·
Transportation Assets: Asphalt roadways and parking lots, asphalt and concrete sidewalks,
gravel or natural pedestrian trails, the NB southern railway.
·
Waste, Wastewater, Storm Assets: Underground (U/G) sanitary sewer lines, sewage lift
stations, wastewater treatment building, wastewater lagoon, trickling filter building, U/G storm
sewer lines, water supply pump houses, culverts and catch basins, private wells, private septic
tanks.
·
Community Structures: components include Foundation/ structure, roof (shingles), roof (flat),
exterior finishes, and mechanical/electrical.
·
Parks and Recreational Elements: components include Splash pad, washroom facility (by splash
pad), gazebo (at Unity Park), and parks.
·
Community Elements: Power/ utility services, and communications infrastructure.
Once the infrastructure components were identified, a four-step process was initiated to determine the
vulnerability of each infrastructure component:
1.
Identification of potential risk interactions between infrastructure components and climate
hazards;
Executive Summary
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Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Community Climate Change Adaptation Plan - Final Report
March 2021
2.
Calculation of the probability of occurrence for climate hazards using current climate data and
future climate projections;
3.
Assessment of the severity of the anticipated impact for each feasible interaction between a
climate hazard and an infrastructure component; and
4.
Calculation of the risk scores corresponding to defined risk levels (i.e. negligible, low, moderate,
or high) by multiplying the probability of occurrence with the severity of the impact for each
climate interaction under assessment.
The calculation of a risk score is based on the following fundamental equation:
Risk Score = Probability x Severity
Ultimately, the infrastructure assessment resulted in the identification of one (1) high, sixteen (16)
moderate, and twenty-five (25) low risk interactions. These are listed in Section 3.1 of the report and in
Appendix A. High and moderate risks were prioritized in subsequent steps as they require more imme-
diate actions and solutions compared to low risks.
The identified high and moderate risks related to the following assets: Asphalt Roadways and Parking
Lots, Gravel or Natural Pedestrian Trials, Railway, Water Supply Pump Houses, Wells, Sewage Lift
Stations (SLS), Grinder Pump Stations (GP), Underground Storm Sewer Lines, Culverts and Catch
Basins, Roof (Shingles), Parks, Power/Utility, Communications/Utility.
SPATIAL ASSESSMENT
A spatial assessment was conducted using flood extent mapping to visually identify which Town assets
were potentially vulnerable to flooding. Assets were located on a map and assigned a risk level of either
high, moderate, or low depending on their proximity to the flood extents, where:
·
Components inside the flood zone were deemed a high risk;
·
Components close to the flood zone were deemed a moderate risk; and
·
Components outside of the flood zone were deemed a low risk.
As the spatial assessment was more qualitative in nature, Town staff and public stakeholders were
engaged to comment on vulnerable infrastructure or areas within the community. Engagement activities
were completed as part of this project was conducted through a series of interviews, workshops and
online activities, specifically these consisted of:
·
Targeted interviews with Town staff;
·
An online Vulnerability Mapping Exercise through the online engagement platform, Social
Pinpoint (SPP); and
·
An online Adaptations Survey through the SPP platform.
Executive Summary
vi
Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Community Climate Change Adaptation Plan - Final Report
March 2021
The spatial assessment identified fourteen (14) high risks and twenty-eight (28) moderate risks for
consideration. The identified high risks resided within the following infrastructure categories:
Roadways, Railway, Water Supply Pump House #2, Grinder Pumps #1, #7, #10, Sewage Lift Stations #7
and #10, Wastewater Treatment Plant, Brundage Point River Centre, and Storage Garage.
PLANNING REVIEW
Dillon also viewed the potential climate change impacts on land use planning and the general
population, as the Town continues to welcome more residents and encourage ongoing residential
development. As such, Dillon explored the impacts of flooding, high heat, and drought on future
development with a focus on future land use intensification areas. These three climate hazards were
selected by planners at Dillon due to the understanding that these hazards would have the most direct
and observable impacts on land use planning and development. This approach was done qualitatively
through desktop research informed by professional judgement and experts on land use planning.
This review found that:
·
The aging populaƟon of the Town will face higher risks from climate change compared to the
younger populaƟon. The aging populaƟon of the Town coupled with the increase in the number
of heat waves and hot days will put the community at heightened risk of heat-related illnesses.
·
The compounding effects of grey infrastructure expansion from conƟnued development and
increasing frequency and intensity of hot and dry weather is expected to place increasing strain
on the Town water supply due to increased water demand and decreased groundwater
recharge.
·
Greater flooding is expected to conƟnue to jeopardize the safety and livelihood of residents, and
risks of destrucƟon. Within the town limits, there are 61 vacant plots of land that are in flood
risk areas with a total assessed value (2019) of $804,100.00. These 61 vacant plots of land have
a total tax levy of $20,024.07. Proper measures need to be taken in order to safely and
effecƟvely opƟmize the available land for further development.
ADAPTATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
At least one (1) adaptation measure or recommendation was identified for each climate interaction that
achieved a moderate or high risk score in the assessment, where:
·
Adaptation measures are actions concerned with upgrading infrastructure components, or
creating new studies and plans. These actions are characterized by their need for funding and
capital investment; and
·
Recommendations are actions concerned with reviewing and/or modifying processes and
systems that are currently in place to facilitate continuous improvement
The development of adaptations and recommendations included a review of climate change
vulnerabilities in consideration of the climate hazard (i.e., flooding, high temperatures, etc.). The
Executive Summary
vii
Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Community Climate Change Adaptation Plan - Final Report
March 2021
assessment identified that the climate hazards that generated the highest number of vulnerabilities
relate to flooding and heavy rainfall events. Over many years, Town staff have taken proactive steps in
creating protocols and procedures to mitigate or respond to flooding or heavy rainfall-induced impacts.
Some of the recommendations identified are already being conducted by the Town and are included in
this report for reporting purposes only.
The purpose of these findings is to assist with the prioritization of adaptation measures and
recommendations in order to inform future decision making on opportunities to build GBW's resilience
and adaptive capacity to projected climate change impacts. The assessment's final adaptation and
recommendation measures are provided in Appendix D.
1.0 Introduction 1
Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Community Climate Change Adaptation Plan - Final Report
March 2021
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND
The Town of Grand Bay-Westfield ("GBW" or "the Town") is comprised of the former Town of Grand Bay
and the former Village of Westfield. GBW is located in southwestern New Brunswick along the west
bank of the Saint John River and is home to a community of approximately 4,900 residents. GBW is
experiencing many of the climate change impacts documented elsewhere in southern New Brunswick,
including rising temperatures, increased annual precipitation, less snowfall, more extreme rain events,
and warmer winters. The Town is heavily affected by river flooding as caused by the spring freshet.
Flooding continues to be an ongoing challenge for the community. GBW is planning for the future
growth of the community and has undertaken this assessment as an important climate resilience
initiative to examine how it can better manage its infrastructure, services and community elements, and
improve its community's resilience to climate change impacts.
To gain a deeper understanding of the potential impacts of climate change on Town infrastructure,
Dillon Consulting Limited (Dillon) worked collaboratively with the Town to submit a proposal to the
Environmental Trust Fund (ETF) of New Brunswick to seek funding to complete a Climate Change
Vulnerability Assessment. The ETF provides assistance for action-oriented projects with tangible and
measurable results, aimed at protecting, preserving and enhancing the natural environment.
Representatives from Climate Change Secretariat (CCS), who represent the ETF for Climate Change
related projects, requested that the Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment project be comprised of a
full Climate Change Adaptation Plan (CCAP or Plan) for the community, with significant community
engagement and input.
As a result of discussions with the CCS, this project consists of a climate change vulnerability assessment,
community engagement, and development of a final Climate Change Adaptation Plan.
The overall objective of this plan is to strengthen GBW's resilience to potential climate change impacts
through the development of data-driven and community-informed measures.
1.2 PROJECT SCOPE
The CCAP consisted of two (2) phases:
1.
A Vulnerability Assessment Phase; and
2.
An Adaptation Planning Phase.
The Vulnerability Assessment Phase assessed the degrees of risk that specific local climate hazards can
impose on Town infrastructure, core services, and operations through both qualitative and quantitative
approaches to the assessments. The quantitative approach was applied during the infrastructure
assessment and this effort included a risk scoring method aligned with ISO 31000 - Risk Management
Principles and Guidelines. Accompanying this quantitative approach, a qualitative approach was then
applied during the spatial assessment, involving a facilitated discussion between Town staff and the
Dillon team to discuss, confirm and evaluate flooding related impacts and land use considerations.
Moreover, potential climate change impacts on future development were also explored through
desktop research during the planning review.
1.0 Introduction 2
Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Community Climate Change Adaptation Plan - Final Report
March 2021
At the end of this process, the team developed a final compiled list of the identified high, moderate, and
low risk interactions between Town assets, services, and operations, and the identified climate hazards
for the region.
The Adaptation Planning Phase of the project identified strategic and feasible climate change adaptation
measures and recommendations that are deemed feasible options to help in managing and mitigating
the Town's high and moderate risk interactions that were identified during the vulnerability assessment
phase. The key tasks associated with each phase of project scope for this CCAP are summarized below.
1.
Vulnerability Assessment Phase
Ø
Background Review
·
Detailed review of infrastructure data and compiled a list of critical infrastructure, core
services, and external service providers;
·
Review and analysis of past reports conducted on Town infrastructure;
·
Compilation of existing climate change data and projections for the region; and
·
Review of flood levels and mapping available through the Province of New Brunswick.
Ø
Targeted Interviews
·
Conducted one-on-one, key person interviews with Town staff with knowledge of
community infrastructure; and
·
Compiled an initial list of climate change vulnerabilities within the community.
Ø
Community Engagement Session #1
·
Developed an online engagement platform using Social Pin Point (SPP) community
engagement platform software for community participation in an online mapping exercise;
and
·
Finalized a list of interactions to be included in the vulnerability assessment.
Ø
Vulnerability Assessment
·
Facilitation and execution of a vulnerability assessment workshop and compiled
vulnerability assessment results into a list of high, moderate or low risks stemming from
identified climate change vulnerabilities;
·
Completion of a qualitative spatial assessment to identify flooding-specific infrastructure
risks through the use of flood elevations; and
·
Evaluation of the potential impacts of flooding, heat risk, and drought on future
development and growth of the Town through desktop research and existing knowledge of
site development factors throughout the planning review.
2.
Adaptation Planning Phase
Ø
Internal Adaptation Planning Workshop
·
Review and validation of the prioritized list of infrastructure and service vulnerabilities;
·
Development of adaptation measures and other recommendations to address the high
and moderate risk interactions identified from the vulnerability assessment; and
1.0 Introduction 3
Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Community Climate Change Adaptation Plan - Final Report
March 2021
·
Development of a finalized list of adaptation measures and recommendations for review
and approval by the Town Project Team prior to final reporting for the Project.
Ø
Community Engagement Session #2
·
Conducted an online survey on SPP that was open to all community members to provide
input and guidance on specific focus areas within the adaptation measures and/or
recommendations provided.
Ø
Final Reporting
·
Preparation and submittal of draft and final CCAP reports to the Town Council.
1.3 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT
The approach taken towards the development of this CCAP was driven by historical and projected
climate data and an engagement process that facilitated stakeholder collaboration and community
participation. Recently, the formats for public exchange have changed in various ways to reduce risks to
public health due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Under the health and safety restrictions set by
governments, engagement sessions were conducted virtually to allow completion of the assessment in a
safe manner. Virtual engagement sessions have proven to be effective in establishing and fostering
communication with stakeholders and the public throughout the current pandemic environment. When
effectively facilitated, virtual engagements can be a valuable tool for providing insightful anecdotal
information without the need for travel and also provide the benefit of imposing a lower environmental
footprint than what is incurred when travelling to attend in-person events.
1.3.1 TOWN PROJECT TEAM
The Town Project Team served as the main stakeholder group throughout the project, providing
comment, feedback, and direction on the project from initiation to final approval. The engaged
stakeholders are listed in below:
·
Bruce Gault - Works Commissioner, Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
·
Troy Gautreau - Fire Chief, Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
·
Gary Clark - Recreation Director, Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
·
John Enns-Wind - Chief Administrative Officer, Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
·
David Taylor - Development & Planning Officer, Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Table 1 below, summarizes the various engagement sessions and meetings that contributed to this
project. The engagement sessions were facilitated in a format intended to generate meaningful
feedback from key stakeholders, resulting in an engagement-driven CCAP development process.
1.0 Introduction 4
Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Community Climate Change Adaptation Plan - Final Report
March 2021
Table 1: Engagement Sessions/ Meetings Summary
Phase
Engagement Session/
Meeting
Date
Engaged Group
Purpose
Project
Initiation
Project Initiation
Meeting
July 15, 2020
Town Project
Team
During the Project Initiation Meeting between Dillon and the Town Project Team, all team
members were introduced, the project approach was reviewed and discussed, project roles
were confirmed, and key project milestones were established.
Phase 1:
Vulnerability
Assessment
Targeted Interviews
October 28, 2020
November 4 - 5, 2020
Town Project
Team
Four (4) targeted interviews were conducted with Town staff to gather input to help identify
potential climate change vulnerabilities to specific Town infrastructure that they provide.
Interviews were tailored to the participants' respective areas of expertise to maximize the
value of the input gathered. The interviews included questions directed towards the
identification of past climate change impacts to specific Town assets that Dillon identified
during the background review process. Participants were also asked about any adaptation
measures that have been considered or implemented in the past to protect Town
infrastructure. The targeted interviews identified fifteen (15) initial vulnerabilities.
Community
Engagement Session
#1 - Online
Vulnerability Mapping
Exercise
October 5 - November
6, 2020
Town Community
The first Community Engagement Session entailed working together on an online vulnerability
mapping exercise. The purpose of this session was to gather input regarding the Town's climate
change vulnerabilities from the Town's community members ahead of Dillon's Internal
Vulnerability Assessment Workshop. The information gathered in this engagement session was
then integrated into the subsequent steps of the vulnerability assessment phase.
Internal Vulnerability
Assessment Workshop
November 10/16/17,
2020
Dillon Internal
Staff
A multi-disciplinary team of Dillon staff assigned risk scores to the identified climate
hazard/infrastructure interactions (vulnerabilities) and assigned high, moderate, or low risk
level scores to each interaction based on the criteria outlined in Section 2.1.2 of this Plan.
Phase 2:
Adaptation
Planning
Adaptation Planning
Workshop
December 8, 2020
Town Project
Team
Dillon collaborated with Town Staff to develop potential viable adaptation measures and
recommendations to address the moderate and high risks identified in the vulnerability
assessment phase of this project.
Community
Engagement Session
#2 - Online
Adaptations Survey
Exercise
March 1 - 22, 2021
Town Community
The GBW community was engaged again through the online platform Social Pinpoint to
participate in an online survey. The objective of this survey was to obtain community feedback
regarding which adaptation measures and recommendations should be prioritized.
1.0 Introduction 5
Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Community Climate Change Adaptation Plan - Final Report
March 2021
1.3.2 SOCIAL PINPOINT ONLINE ENGAGEMENT
The GBW community was engaged in two (2) separate engagement sessions through the online
community engagement platform, Social Pinpoint (SPP). SPP allows participants to review project
information at their leisure to comment, ask questions, and contribute to the project through the online
community engagement platform, Social Pinpoint (SPP). The community engagement sessions as part of
this project are briefly summarized in the following sections.
1.3.2.1 COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT SESSION #1 - ONLINE VULNERABILITY MAPPING
The mapping activity was open for comment from October 5, 2020 until November 6, 2020. A map of
the Town was pre-populated with the 15 vulnerabilities identified in the targeted interviews. The vulner-
abilities were displayed as markers with unique icons that people can click on for more information. The
online engagement platform was shared on the Town's Website and social media platforms. The GBW
community was invited to read and comment on the initially identified vulnerabilities, drop new markers
to signify additional vulnerabilities, or learn about the project through the platform. Ultimately, only one
(1) additional comment was received from the community. The gathered inputs were then compiled and
integrated into subsequent steps of the assessment. Examples of these comments are shown in Figure
1, below.
Figure 1. Vulnerabilities Identified on Social Pinpoint Mapping Activity
A brief summary of the engagement activity, as of March 3, 2021, is shown in Figure 2, below.
1.0 Introduction 6
Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Community Climate Change Adaptation Plan - Final Report
March 2021
Figure 2. Engagement Summary
The results from the mapping exercise helped in gathering more anecdotal information than is typically
available through desktop research. These first-hand accounts provided strong evidence that certain
climate hazard-infrastructure interactions have already occurred in the past which in turn informed the
vulnerability assessment phase.
1.3.2.2 COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT SESSION #2 - ONLINE ADAPTATIONS SURVEY
The GBW community was engaged again through Social Pinpoint to participate in an online survey. The
online engagement platform was shared again on the Town's Website and social media platforms, and
was open to the general public. The online survey included questions to rank adaptation measures
developed for stormwater management and runoff, and riverine flooding. The objective of this survey
was to obtain community feedback regarding which adaptation measures and recommendations should
be prioritized. This survey was maintained and kept active from March 1, 2021 until March 22, 2021.
As of March 15, 2021, thirteen (13) survey responses have been collected. As presented in Figure 3 and
Figure 4 below, riverine flooding was flagged as the largest concern for GBW residents.
1.0 Introduction 7
Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Community Climate Change Adaptation Plan - Final Report
March 2021
Figure 3. Screenshot of Survey Question 1
Figure 4. Screenshot of Survey Question 2
(The choice with largest average ranking is the most preferred choice)
2.0 Vulnerability Assessment 8
Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Community Climate Change Adaptation Plan - Final Report
March 2021
2.0 VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
2.1 VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY
As previously described, the approach to the vulnerability assessment phase involved a background
review to develop an infrastructure component listing and compilation of relevant available climate
data. This phase of the project was driven by consultation with subject matter experts and project
stakeholders in order to assess the vulnerability of specific Town infrastructure.
The vulnerability assessment was conducted using results from three methods; an infrastructure
assessment, a spatial assessment, and a planning review whereby:
·
The infrastructure assessment focused on the interactions between specific Town infrastructure
assets and the projected climate hazards excluding flooding impacts;
·
The spatial assessment focused on the interactions between specific Town infrastructure assets
and flood extents. The spatial risks were evaluated qualitatively with the use of flood maps.
·
The planning review focused on the interactions between specific climate hazards (i.e. flooding,
high heat, and drought conditions) on the Town's future development, growth, and general
population.
The methodology employed for each assessment is expanded upon in Sections 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4.
2.1.1 BACKGROUND REVIEW
2.1.1.1 INFRASTRUCTURE LISTING
The component listing compiled for this project was developed and informed from two sources:
1.
Town of Grand Bay-Westfield's Asset Management Plan (2018), which contains general
information related to infrastructure type, infrastructure condition, and replacement value;
2.
Stakeholder Interviews, which helped in developing a finalized list of Town infrastructure and
services.
Specific infrastructure components were identified within broader infrastructure categories dictated by
their asset classification (transportation, water/wastewater, etc.), which helped to guide the
assessment. The infrastructure components considered as part of this assessment are shown in Table 2
and Table 3, below. Table 2 explores the general infrastructure and natural elements within the Town
while Table 3 explores specific Town buildings and facilities. This separation was done to facilitate the
more qualitative discussions during the spatial assessment, which is centred on the proximity of each
building or facility to the identified flood extents. This contrasts with the more quantitative vulnerability
assessment approach completed for the general infrastructure and natural elements.
2.0 Vulnerability Assessment 9
Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Community Climate Change Adaptation Plan - Final Report
March 2021
Table 2: Infrastructure Assessment - Asset Listing
Infrastructure Category
Infrastructure Component
Transportation Assets
Asphalt Roadways and Parking Lots
Asphalt and Concrete Sidewalks
Gravel or Natural Pedestrian Trails
Railway (NB Southern Railroad)
Waste, Wastewater, Stormwater Assets
U/G Sanitary Sewer Lines
Sewage Lift Stations
Grinder Pump Stations
Wastewater Treatment Building
Wastewater Lagoon
Trickling Filter Building
U/G Storm Sewer Lines
Water Supply Pump Houses
Culverts and Catch Basins
Private Wells
Private Septic Tanks
Community Structures
Foundation/ Structure
Roof (shingles)
Roof (flat)
Exterior Finishes
Mechanical/ Electrical
Parks and Recreational Elements
Splash Pad
Washroom Facility (By Splash pad)
Gazebo (at Unity Park)
Parks
Community Elements
Power/Utility
Communications/ Utility
2.0 Vulnerability Assessment 10
Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Community Climate Change Adaptation Plan - Final Report
March 2021
Table 3: Spatial Assessment - Asset Listing
Infrastructure Category
Infrastructure Component
Transportation Assets
Roads:
·
Hazel St.
·
Spruce St.
·
Beach Rd.
·
Brandy Point Rd.
·
Riverside Park
·
Ferry Rd.
·
Nerepis Rd.
·
Hammond Rd.
·
Westfield Cr.
·
Station St.
·
Brittain Rd.
·
Ferry Rd.
Bridges:
·
Nerepis Bridge Rd.
·
Shannon Rd.
Railway (NB Southern Railroad)
Waste, Wastewater, Stormwater Assets
Water Supply Pump House #2
Grinder Pumps #1, 7, and 10
Sewage Lift Stations #7 and 10
Wastewater Treatment Lagoon
Trickling Filter Building
Community Structures
Community Centrum
Brundage Point River Centre
Salt Shed
Storage Garage
Fire Station #2
Works Garage and Office
Fire Training Facility
River Valley Lions Community Centre
2.1.1.2 CLIMATE HAZARDS
Through a review of available climate data for the region, seven (7) climate hazards were identified as
the most important for the assessment due to their potential impacts on the selected Town
infrastructure. Through the use of multiple publicly available data sources, climate data was also
assembled for the Town, shown in Table 4, below. Observed historical climate data for the region was
compiled for the period 1981 to 2010. Climate change projections were then compiled for the time
period between 2069 and 2099 using an ensemble of Global Climate Models with an emission scenario
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of Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5, aligning with a "business as usual" condition
resulting from ongoing, continued growth in global GHG emissions.
RCP's are scenarios that describe alternative trajectories for carbon dioxide emissions and the resulting
atmospheric CO2 concentrations from 2000 to 2100. RCP8.5 represents a global temperature increase of
3.2 to 5.4°C, as well as an increase in extreme rainfall and other weather events (Climate Nexus, 2021).
The emission scenario of RCP 8.5 was selected to best inform the vulnerability assessment, which in turn
informs risk management planning. Globally, GHG emissions in the 2020's continue to grow. Selecting a
lower emission RCP would assume global GHG reductions that have yet to occur, resulting in a
vulnerability assessment that may underestimate impacts and associated climate risks. Selecting an RCP
that aligns with recent and current global GHG emissions trends is preferable for applications intended
to inform risk management planning.
Climate data projections for high temperatures, low temperatures, heavy rainfall, and freeze-thaw
cycles were collected from readily available open sources, specifically:
·
Ouranos, a Canadian non-profit organization specializing in climate scenarios and projections,
and adaptation planning;
·
ClimateData.ca, an online climate data portal produced collaboratively by Canada's leading
climate organizations and supported, in part, by the Government of Canada, and
·
The Climate Atlas of Canada, an online database with downscaled climate data that integrates
interactive web design with climatology, cartography, and storytelling to better support
education and applied decision-making.
Data for freezing rain was obtained through published research on the Possible Impacts of Climate
Change on Freezing Rain Using Downscaled Future Climate Scenarios (Cheng et al., 2011). Wind data was
obtained through review of published research journals containing downscaled wind speed data for
Canadian Provinces (Cheng et al., 2014). Projections for snowfall were obtained through an internal
statistical analysis conducted by a certified meteorologist on the Dillon team. Drought conditions were
assessed qualitatively based on data on dry days and longest spells of >30°C days obtained from
ClimateData.ca and the Climate Atlas. Table 4 lists the climate hazards considered in the vulnerability
assessment and the corresponding climate data source. As shown, high temperatures, heavy rainfall,
freezing rain and high winds are expected to trend upwards.
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Table 4: Climate Data Projections
Climate Hazard
Baseline Values
(1981 - 2010)
Trend
Projected Value
(2069 - 2099)
Source
High Temperatures
Average number of days per
year with a maximum
temperature > 30°C.
0.1
Days/Year
17.1
Days/Year
ClimateData.ca
Low Temperatures
Average number of days per
year with a maximum
temperature < -30°C
0.5
Days/Year
0
Days/Year
ClimateData.ca
Heavy Rainfall
Average number of days per
year with precipitation as rain ≥
25 mm
16.0
Days/Year
19.8
Days/Year
ClimateData.ca
Freeze-Thaw Cycles
Daily maximum temperature >
0°C and the daily minimum
temperature is ≤ -1 °C
78.9
Occurrences
64.9
Occurrences
Climate Atlas
Freezing Rain
Average number of days with
rain or ice pellets lasting longer
than 6 hours
0.9
Day/Year
1.1
Days/Year
Cheng et al. Study
Snowfall
Average number of days per
year with snow ≥ 10 cm
7.2
Days/Year
1.0
Days/Year
Internal Analysis
High Wind Gusts
Average number of days per
year with wind gusts ≥ 70 km/h
2.5
Days/Year
3.0
Days/Year
Cheng et al. Study
Drought Conditions
Combined effect of dry days
and longest spell of >30°C days
Parameter shown: longest spell
of >30°C days
0.2
Days
6.8
Days
Climate Atlas
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2.2 INFRASTRUCTURE ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY
The methodology used for this assessment is in alignment with ISO 31000 - Risk Management Principles
and Guidelines and accordingly follows classical risk assessment best pracƟces. The process required
execuƟng four (4) key steps to conduct the infrastructure vulnerability assessment of Town
infrastructure. These are:
1.
Identify potential risk interactions between infrastructure components and climate hazards;
2.
Calculate the probability of occurrence for climate hazards using current climate data and
future climate projections;
3.
Determine the severity of an impact of each feasible interaction between a climate hazard and
an infrastructure component; and
4.
Calculate the risk score corresponding to defined risk levels (i.e. negligible, low, moderate, or
high) by multiplying the probability of occurrence with the severity of the impact.
The calculation of a Risk Score is based on the following fundamental equation:
Risk Score = Probability x Severity
Where;
·
Probability is the statistical frequency/probability of specific climate hazard thresholds being
reached historically, and in the future; and,
·
Severity is a measurement of the climate hazard's impact on a particular asset.
2.2.1 STEP 1: RISK INTERACTIONS
A multidisciplinary team at Dillon identified the possible interactions between the studied climate
hazards and Town infrastructure using an interaction matrix. The interaction matrix was then further
expanded through the formation of vulnerability statements which provided general initial descriptions
of the expected impacts. For example, one initially identified interaction was between asphalt roadways
and high temperatures, and the corresponding vulnerability statement for this interaction identified a
concern regarding the rutting from the softening and deterioration of asphalt surfaces due to heat
stress. The matrix and vulnerability statements were then distilled during the Internal Vulnerability
Assessment Workshop. The aforementioned interaction matrix is shown in Appendix A - Vulnerability
Interaction Matrix and Scores.
2.2.2 STEP 2: PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE
For the purposes of this project, the scale factor values for probability were established on a scale from
1 to 7, with 1 considered to be of the lowest probability (Negligible; Improbable) and 7 being the highest
probability (Often; Highly Probable).
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The probability scoring criteria was tailored for the project by Dillon and was informed by criteria
successfully applied on similar assessments and adapted from ISO 31000's Risk Management Guidance.
To assign a probability score, the historical and future occurrence probability values were obtained from
the climate data sources for each climate hazard (Section 2.1.1.2). Historical climate data was assigned a
score from 1-7 based on professional judgement using the criteria outlined in Table 5, below. Historical
climate data was assigned a score of "Occasional" (3) or "Moderate; Possible; Normal" (4).
Assigning a future probability score for each climate hazard required a simple calculation to relate the
future projection back to the historical climate value. The calculation required taking the average future
climate projection value (average occurrences per year), dividing it by the historical climate hazard
value, and multiplying by 0.5, which is the median probability value for "Moderate; Possible; Normal"
score.
Table 5: Probability of Climate Hazard Occurring
Score
Descriptor
Occurrence Range
1
Negligible; Improbable
>0 to 0.05
2
Remotely Possible
0.05 to 0.1
3
Occasional
0.1 to 0.25
4
Moderate; Possible; Normal
0.25 to 0.75
5
Likely; Frequent
0.75 to 1.25
6
Probable
1.25 to 2
7
Often; Highly Probable
>2
2.2.3 STEP 3: SEVERITY OF IMPACT
The consequences of the climate change impacts were assessed by a multidisciplinary team of Dillon
specialists where severity scores were assigned by specialist participants during an internal Vulnerability
Assessment Workshop. Here, severity scores were assigned to each risk and potential consequences of
the events were discussed to develop details required to provide rationales for the assigned scores. The
professional assessment and judgement informed the determination of which severity rating category
applied for each consequence, and accordingly, its corresponding Severity Score.
Table 6 presents the scale used to rank the severity of climate interactions. Assigning a severity score
was based on two criteria:
1.
Asset impacts focused on the physical impacts to the infrastructure components; and
2.
Service impacts focused on the impacts to each component's capacity to provide specific
functions, services, and operations.
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Table 6: Severity of Climate Hazard Impact
Score
Descriptor
Asset Impacts
Service Impacts
0
No effect
Negligible; Not applicable
Negligible; Not Applicable
1
Measurable
Very low; Superficial Damage
Very low; Some measurable
change
2
Minor
Low, Minor repairs required, Increased
Maintenance
Low; Slight loss of serviceability
3
Moderate
Moderate; Repairs required; No impact
on budget; Increased Maintenance
Moderate loss of serviceability
4
Major
Some loss of function; Major repairs
required; Some budget impacts
Major loss of serviceability;
Some loss of capacity
5
Serious
Loss of function; Significant impact on
budget but can be repaired
Loss of capacity; Some loss of
function
6
Hazardous
Loss of asset; Conduct replacement
required
Major; Loss of function
7
Catastrophic
Extreme; Loss of asset
Extreme; Loss of asset
2.2.4 STEP 4: INTERACTION RISK SCORE
After identifying the probability and severity scores for the climate hazard/infrastructure interactions,
risk scores were calculated for each interaction vulnerability by multiplying the probability of the climate
hazard occurring and the severity of the climate hazard's impact on the infrastructure component. The
risk scores correspond to risk levels defined as high, moderate, low or negligible risk. Figure 5, below,
presents the risk level definitions used in evaluating the risk score for this vulnerability assessment.
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Figure 5. Interaction Risk Scoring Criteria
A negligible score (i.e., green square) within the matrix signifies a negligible risk event that does not
require further consideration. A low score (i.e., yellow square) signifies a low risk where existing
measures are sufficient to manage the risks, but continuous monitoring should be a consideration. A
moderate score (i.e., orange square) signifies a moderate risk where action may be required to control
or lower risks and managed by continuous improvement. A high score (i.e., red square) signifies a high
or unacceptable risk where high priority or immediate action is required. The results of the interaction
risk scoring process are shown in Appendix A. The moderate risks identified were further explored in
Section 3.0 - Vulnerability Assessment Results of this Plan.
2.3 SPATIAL ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY
An important recurring risk to Town infrastructure is flooding, exacerbated by condiƟons such as the
spring freshet. The spaƟal assessment was conducted qualitaƟvely through the review of flood extents
with the Town map to visually determine which components of the Town infrastructure or services are
impacted by flooding now and in the future.
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Assets from Table 3 - Spatial Assessment - Asset Listing were located on the map and assigned a risk
rating of either high, moderate, or low depending on their proximity to the flood extents. An example of
this is presented in Figure 6, below, where the flood extents are represented as the darker shaded
areas. Therefore, if the infrastructure is located:
-
Inside the flood zone, it is deemed a high risk - Action required;
-
Close to the flood zone, it is deemed moderate risk - May be managed by existing measures;
and
-
Outside the flood zone, it is deemed low risk - No action required: advisory only.
Figure 6. Spatial Assessment Methodology
2.4 PLANNING REVIEW
In addition to approaches mentioned above, Dillon also viewed the potential climate change impacts on
considerations for land use planning and the general population as the Town continues to welcome
more residents and encourage residential development. The sustainable development of the Town
would require strong planning policies that consider anticipated climate change impacts. As such, Dillon
explored the impacts of flooding, high heat, and drought on future development with a focus on future
land use intensification areas. These three climate hazards were selected by planners at Dillon due to
the understanding that these hazards would have the most direct and observable impacts on land use
planning and development. This approach was done qualitatively through desktop research informed by
professional judgement and led by Dillon Planners.
During the Vulnerability Assessment workshops and discussions with Town staff, a series of maps were
developed to help guide a greater conversation around heavy rainfall or drainage risk, fire risk, and
flooding risk. The maps used to inform these discussions are provided in Appendix B - Flooding and Risk
Discussion Maps.
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3.0 VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT RESULTS
3.1 INFRASTRUCTURE ASSESSMENT RESULTS
Based on the results of the infrastructure assessment, a total of seventeen (17) moderate and high risk
interactions were identified for Town infrastructure: one (1) high risk and sixteen (16) moderate risk
interactions. These risks are presented in Table 7¸ below. Yellow shaded cells signify low risks, orange
shaded cells signify moderate risks, and red shaded cells signify high risks.
Table 7. Moderate and High-Risk Assets
Infrastructure
Hazard
Vulnerability
Current
Risk Score
(2020s)
Projected
Risk Score
(2080s)
Transportation
Asphalt
Roadways/
Parking Lots
High
Temperatures
Premature deterioration due to
softening of asphalt surfaces leading to
increased maintenance
6
14
Gravel or Natural
Pedestrian Trails
Freezing Rain
Slippery Conditions - safety issues and
strain on operations and maintenance
staff
12
16
Railway (NB
Southern
Railroad)
Heavy Rainfall
Erosion of rail bed material resulting in
uneven rails can potentially lead to
increased maintenance and purchase of
additional material, and increased risk of
derailment
28
28
Railway (NB
Southern
Railroad)
Freeze-Thaw
Cycles
Water intrusion and expansion can
damage wood or concrete rail ties while
frost heaving can degrade ballasts and
lead to uneven rails, increased costs and
risk of derailment
20
20
Water, Wastewater, Stormwater Assets
Water Supply
Pump Houses
Drought
Conditions
Low water levels - Can't pump water to
fill tanker trucks.
14
14
Private Wells
Heavy Rainfall
Infiltration and potential contamination
based on increased water run off
16
16
Private Wells
Drought
Conditions
Drought conditions can dry up wells and
impede groundwater recharge causing
water security concerns
18
42
Sewage Lift
Stations (wet
wells, no
buildings)
Heavy Rainfall
Lift stations become overwhelmed
potentially leading to sewage backup in
homes or emergency overflow. Inflow
and Infiltration (I&I) concerns at
connection points
24
24
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Infrastructure
Hazard
Vulnerability
Current
Risk Score
(2020s)
Projected
Risk Score
(2080s)
Grinder Pump
Stations
Heavy Rainfall
Pump station pumps become
overwhelmed potentially leading to
sewage backup in homes or emergency
overflow. I&I concerns.
24
24
U/G Storm Sewer
Lines
Freeze-Thaw
Cycles
Older/poorly insulated pipes and
manholes experiencing frost heaves
leading to water infiltration and
increased maintenance needs
24
24
Culverts and
Catch Basins
Heavy Rainfall
Heavy rainfall coupled with poor
drainage can lead to potential overland
flooding
16
16
Community Structures
Roof (shingles)
High
Temperatures
Sun (UV) exposure leading to premature
deterioration of shingles
6
14
Recreational Elements
Parks
Drought
Conditions
Hot and dry weather can negatively
impact the health of flora (grass, shrubs,
etc.)
6
14
Community Elements
Power/ Utility
Freezing Rain
Downed power lines/poles from ice
accretion or debris blowing onto
structure
18
24
Power/ Utility
High Wind
Gusts
Downed power lines/poles from ice
accretion or debris blowing onto
structure
18
24
Communications/
Data
Freezing Rain
Downed communication lines/poles
from ice accretion or debris blowing
onto structure
18
24
Communications/
Data
High Wind
Gusts
Downed communication lines/poles
from ice accretion or debris blowing
onto structure
18
24
3.1.2 WATER, WASTEWATER, AND STORMWATER ASSETS
This infrastructure category resulted in the highest count of risk interactions with impacts from heavy
rainfall, freeze-thaw cycles, and drought conditions. The impacted assets were found to be the private
wells, water supply pump houses, sewage lift stations, grinder pump stations, underground storm sewer
lines, as well as culverts and catch basins.
Persistent drought conditions can impede groundwater recharge and facilitate the drying up of wells,
threatening the availability of water in individual private wells. Water supply pump houses for the
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purpose of fire safety could also be impacted as low water levels would obstruct the Town's ability to fill
tanker trucks which reduces the community's preparedness for responding to fire emergencies.
For the community wastewater systems, the sewage lift stations and grinder pump stations were found
to be heavily impacted by heavy rainfall. Existing Inflow and infiltration (I&I) issues for this system,
coupled with the projected increase in heavy rainfall days can potentially overwhelm these systems and
trigger an emergency overflow or a sewage backup.
For stormwater systems, heavy rainfall was found to overwhelm existing drainage systems in known
areas of concern, and cause ponding and/or overland flooding. The Town, however, is aware of these
known areas of concern and are actively monitoring them prior to and following heavy rainfall events.
Moreover, freeze-thaw cycles can affect older or poorly insulated storm pipes closer to the surface
through frost heaving which leads to increased maintenance needs.
3.1.1 TRANSPORTATION ASSETS
The identified transportation assets found to be at moderate risk under conditions of future climate
were the asphalt roadways and parking lots, gravel or natural pedestrian trails, and the NB Southern
Railway. Asphalt roadways and parking lots can deteriorate prematurely due to rutting under extended
high temperatures. Impacts to the railway stem from heavy rainfall and freeze-thaw cycles affecting rail
beds. This is a considerable concern as a washout of rail bed material or deterioration of wooden or
concrete tracks can cause rail ties to sink unevenly under heavy loads as these loads are unable to be
dissipated into supporting materials. This can compromise the integrity of the rail system, consequently
increasing maintenance costs and risks to public safety.
Another concern was the impacts of freezing rain on gravel or natural pedestrian trails. Freezing rain can
create unsafe travelling conditions and increase the risk of slips, trips, and falls and potential for injury
resulting from these conditions. For these reasons, this impact generally poses a risk to public safety as a
whole.
3.1.3 COMMUNITY STRUCTURES
For the purpose of the infrastructure assessment, community structures (i.e. buildings) were assessed
by their individual components. This generalized approach was taken to help assess buildings without
the need to specifically investigate each building within the Town limits. The selected categories were:
·
Foundation/structure, which includes construction type, subbase structures, and building
envelope and insulation;
·
Roofs (shingles and flat);
·
Exterior finishes, which includes siding, and windows; and
·
Mechanical/electrical components, which includes HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air
Conditioning) systems.
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Of the components assessed, roof (shingles) and high temperatures resulted in a moderate risk
interaction due to increased UV exposure leading to premature deterioration of roof shingles.
3.1.4 RECREATIONAL ELEMENTS
In this category, it was found that high temperatures and drought conditions can negatively impact the
health of trees and other flora within parks, leading to strain on operations staff to maintain the parks.
3.1.5 COMMUNITY ELEMENTS
Utility lines were found to be vulnerable to freezing rain and high wind gusts. The combination of these
two climate hazards are known to take down utility poles and lines. This can result in extended power
outages prompting the need for major repairs and remediation to restore power back to the Town.
3.2 SPATIAL ASSESSMENT RESULTS
One of the most significant climate change impacts for the Town is riverine flooding. For this
assessment, a spaƟal assessment was conducted to visually determine which components of the Town-
owned infrastructure or services are impacted by flooding. The spaƟal assessment conducted was
qualitaƟve in nature and impacted assets were discussed on a case-by-case basis throughout the
targeted interviews and the internal vulnerability assessment workshop. Town-owned assets were
assessed as high, moderate, or low risk based on their proximity to flood-prone areas. The spaƟal
assessment results are presented in detail in Appendix C. For this project, moderate and high risks were
prioriƟzed for risk reducƟon acƟon during the subsequent adaptaƟon planning phase.
Many of the most frequently mentioned infrastructure categories subject to flooding risk were
transportation assets, which play an important in facilitating the connectivity and mobility in and around
the Town, as well as their critical role in providing access for emergency services. Roadways were
discussed on a case-by-case basis throughout the targeted interviews and the internal vulnerability
assessment workshop. Roadways were also categorized into both partially or completely submerged in a
flood, and whether or not they were still functional or rendered non-functional during a flood event.
Brandy Point Road, Riverside Park, Nerepis Road, and Brittain Road were roadways at high risk of
flooding. Other impacted transportation assets included sections of the railroad and the Shannon Road
Bridge. The flooding of Shannon Road Bridge was a recurring point of discussion due to the fact that this
event would isolate residents located east of the bridge. Additionally, roads that would require
additional gravel/ material to build up during a flood event were also identified.
The impacts to Water Supply Pump House #2 stem from its electrical components and motors. Flooding
and sudden-onset heavy rain events can strain these components. This prompted the need for Town
staff to routinely remove the pumps from the building prior to a forecasted heavy rain event or pending
river flooding events. Similarly, the electrical components on Grinder Pump Stations #1, #7, and #10, and
Sewage Lift Stations #7 and #10 are also vulnerable to flooding. The wastewater treatment lagoon was
also identified to be highly vulnerable to flooding risks.
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Other identified community structures with flooding risks were the Brundage Point River Centre, and the
storage garage. The Brundage Point River Centre is located on the banks of the Saint John River and is
heavily impacted by floods on an annual basis. During flood events, the River Centre is sandbagged and
water that infiltrates the sandbags is pumped out. The storage garage however, does not hold any
critical equipment and is deemed a low priority by the Town staff.
3.3 PLANNING REVIEW RESULTS
Flooding, heat risk, and drought were the three (3) climate hazards considered in this section due to
their direct and observable impacts to the growth of the Town.
3.3.1 FLOODING
Many properƟes in GBW are located in high flood risk areas according to the 100-year flood level
predicƟons map (See Appendix B). As such, to understand the impact of flooding on future land uses, it
is important to explore the impacts of flooding on undeveloped land. Demographic growth and eco-
nomic development in flood-prone areas, accompanied by poor land-use planning, can lead to in
creased risk of destrucƟon, and jeopardize the safety and livelihood of residents living in these areas.
Flooding drasƟcally increases the vulnerability of people living in flood prone areas through rendering
routes and neighborhoods inaccessible by emergency services. This is an important vulnerability
consideraƟon when planning for future development as roads need to be able to accommodate
emergency vehicle access during floods.
Furthermore, understanding the value of undeveloped land beneath the predicted 100-year flood levels
is crucial for future planning. Within the town limits, there are 61 vacant plots of land that are in flood
risk areas with a total assessed value (2019) of $804,100.00. These 61 vacant plots of land have a total
tax levy of $20,024.07. Proper measures need to be taken in order to safely and effecƟvely opƟmize the
available land.
3.3.2 HEAT RISK
It was found that older adults encounter higher risks from climate change impacts compared to other
age groups. For example, through fragility, disability, and lack of mobility, older adults are vulnerable to
being stuck in poor environments. They are at increased risk of dehydraƟon and heat-related illnesses,
which is further heightened due to other factors such as living alone, co-morbidiƟes, medicaƟon
(Harper, S. 2019). With a 4.5% increase in the median age of the populaƟon from 2011 - 2016, it is clear
that GBW's populaƟon is aging (StaƟsƟcs Canada. 2016). Extra precauƟons need to be taken by the
municipality to improve safety and comfort of all residents throughout future climate events.
The Climate Atlas of Canada projects that the number of heat waves in the region will increase from an
average of 0.4 (1976-2005) to 3.6 (2051-2080) per year. Alongside the increase in the average number
of days per year with a maximum temperature > 30°C, this increase in hot weather frequency will pose
risks to the Town populaƟon.
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The health risks imposed on vulnerable populaƟons add another dimension to this concern. New
Brunswick Public Health highlights that people most vulnerable and at risk to health effects related to
extreme heat are:
·
Young children and older adults;
·
The homeless and socially isolated;
·
People with chronic health condiƟons; and
·
People using certain medicaƟons.
New Brunswick's Heat Alert and Response System (HARS) has three alert levels (New Brunswick, 2021).
Level 1 - Heat Alert:
·
Certain vulnerable persons may be affected (persons with pre-exisƟng respiratory and
cardiovascular diseases).
Level 2 - High Heat Alert:
·
Everyone is at increased risk of heat stress and heat stroke under level 2 condiƟons.
·
People living alone without air condiƟoning are at high risk especially if the heat wave
lasts many days.
·
Organizers of sport and recreaƟonal acƟviƟes should build in regular water breaks and
rest or consider rescheduling acƟviƟes.
Level 3 - Extreme Heat Alert:
·
People living alone without air condiƟoning are at extreme risk.
·
Organizers of sport and recreaƟonal acƟviƟes should reschedule acƟviƟes.
The aging populaƟon of the Town coupled with the increase in the number of heat waves and hot days
will put the community at increasing risk of heat-related illnesses.
3.3.3 DROUGHT
Future growth in GBW will be prioriƟzed in the intensificaƟon areas idenƟfied on the Grand Bay-
Wesƞield Future Land Use Map. The Commercial IntensificaƟon Area and the ResidenƟal IntensificaƟon
Area are centred on the undeveloped land surrounding Colonel Nase Boulevard. Colonel Nase Boulevard
is a Mixed Use Zone that has been groomed and prepared for new commercial and residenƟal
development. The area is located between the Provincial Route 7 Highway and River Valley Drive (Route
177).
As a future growth node, it can be expected that the area will see an increase in concentrated
commercial and residenƟal development in the coming years, which will have an impact on the Town's
water demand and supply. The Town relies on groundwater for its water supply and therefore the
replenishment of this source requires consideraƟon as the community manages it conƟnued growth.
Large areas of impermeable surfaces will increase surface runoffand decrease natural infiltraƟon. This
can ulƟmately decrease groundwater recharge and place stress on the Town's private wells. Water is a
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March 2021
vital resource that is required for the growth and development of any community and as such, it is
important to consider the compounding effects of grey infrastructure development and increasing
frequency and intensity of hot and dry weather.
Another dimension of heat-related climate events not fully explored in this report is that of wildfire or
forest fire risk. The Town has extensive forest cover, and so forest fires during hot and dry seasons may
pose an increasing risk to manage for the community. However, an exploraƟon into this impact would
require data that is unavailable in public climate data portals, and would prompt a need to communicate
with Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), which is the organizaƟon that currently managed fire risk in
New Brunswick, for a fire risk assessment.
4.0 ADAPTATION PLANNING
4.1 ADAPTATION PLANNING METHODOLOGY
Following the vulnerability assessment phase, an adaptation planning workshop was held. The purpose
of this workshop was to develop adaptation measures for the high and moderate risk interactions
identified during both the infrastructure and spatial assessments. During this workshop, appropriate
adaptation measures and recommendations that could be applied to each high and moderate risk were
discussed. These included:
·
Adaptation measures - actions concerned with updating and creating infrastructure components,
studies, and plans. These actions are characterized by their need for funding and capital.
·
Recommendations - actions concerned with reviewing and/or modifying processes and systems,
such as SOPs (Standard Operating Procedures) or maintenance routines, which are currently in place
and are seeing continuous improvement.
Where applicable, at least one (1) adaptation measure or recommendation was developed for each high
and moderate risk interaction identified in the infrastructure and spatial vulnerability assessments.
4.2 ADAPTATION MEASURES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
4.2.1 ADAPTATION MEASURES
The developed adaptation measures are presented in Table 8, below. The identified adaptation
measures are discussed in more detail in the sections that follow. A full summary of Adaptation
Measures specific to relevant climate interactions is provided in Appendix D.
4.0 Adaptation Planning 25
Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Community Climate Change Adaptation Plan - Final Report
March 2021
Table 8. Adaptations and Recommendations
Adaptation No.
Adaptation Measures
Motivation Factors
Heavy Rainfall Adaptations
1
Improve stormwater conveyance through the use of green
infrastructure to increase water infiltration and slow
surface flow. These can include: Buffer strips & hedges;
Rain gardens; Retention Ponds.
Heavy rainfall coupled with poor drainage can lead to
potential overland flooding and increased erosion rates
due to runoff.
Flooding Adaptations
2
Heighten and strengthen berm around lagoon as required
to prevent breach in high flood events.
Flood events can overwhelm the berm and compromise
the wastewater treatment process
3
Lift Station #7 (Brandy Point Road) and #10 (Riverside
Park Drive) - Permanently raise or reconfigure the Lift
Stations
Possible damage to electrical components of pump
stations can impact use and cause damage
4
Permanently raise the road as required;
Riverine flooding greatly impacts roadways, potentially
blocking access to neighbourhood and critical
infrastructure
5
Preventative Zoning and Permitting which can include:
Revision of future land use plans with flood extents; Set
minimum building elevation for new construction, in
accordance with the latest recommended elevation levels
set by the Université de Moncton.
River Centre is highly susceptible to flooding
6
Building up vacant land to meet the latest minimum
building elevation recommendation would allow to
capitalize on the number of vacant lots that are in the 100-
year flood extents
Flooding will have a great impact on development and
zoning as it is expected that the flood extents might
continue to encroach inland with time
4.0 Adaptation Planning 26
Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Community Climate Change Adaptation Plan - Final Report
March 2021
Adaptation No.
Adaptation Measures
Motivation Factors
7
Protect River Centre against high flood events (e.g.
barricades, pumping out basement)
Structures are highly susceptible to flooding
High Temperatures & Drought Conditions Adaptations
8
Explore alternative roofing materials or UV protective
coating on a case by case basis where roofing change is
needed while continuing to manage with existing
measures
Sun (UV) exposure leading to premature deterioration
of shingles
9
Acquire generators for the River Centre to function as a
cooling/warming centre
River Centre currently services as an emergency centre
10
Install shading structures in strategic public locations (e.g.
bus stops) to minimize the impact of heat exposure
High heat exposure can pose health and safety risks to
vulnerable populations
11
Develop public water infrastructure for Colonel Nase
Boulevard and other residential intensification areas
The increased domestic water usage from new
developments and the decrease in groundwater
recharge during dry seasons can strain the Town's
water supply
4.0 Adaptation Planning 28
Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Community Climate Change Adaptation Plan - Final Report
March 2021
4.2.1.1 HEAVY RAINFALL
The frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall is projected to increase in the future. This is expected to
prompt a need for a corresponding increase in the Town's stormwater conveyance capacity. As
mentioned above, Town Staff have established protocols for checking on stormwater assets before and
after heavy rainfall events. Additionally, stormwater infrastructure upgrades are completed as part of
road upgrades completed on a yearly basis. The Town is aware of potential problem areas and have
proactively included these upgrades in future capital planning. Recommended adaptation action is
proposed below, in addition to actions already in place for the Town.
IMPROVE STORMWATER CONVEYANCE THROUGH GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE
The projected increase in heavy rainfall will induce increasing loads on existing stormwater systems. It is
anticipated that these loads will exceed the capacity of existing stormwater management systems. A
sustainable and progressive strategy that is being deployed globally is the development of green
infrastructure within communities. Green infrastructure is an approach to infrastructure that
incorporates natural vegetative systems and engineered green technologies to emulate the natural
hydrological cycle, and in turn provide communities with a diverse range of social, economic, and
environmental benefits.
Green infrastructure systems such as rain gardens, and natural and engineered wetlands can provide
benefits that include increased water infiltration and absorption, resulting in the reduction of peak
runoff flows. Moreover, other methods such as constructing permeable pavements for parking lots,
sidewalks, and low-traffic roads can also offer similar functions of increased water infiltration and
decreased runoff volume. This mechanism also contributes to groundwater replenishment as green
infrastructure systems encourage gradual infiltration versus flash runoff of peak flows to receiving
streams. This is expected to become an increasingly important function as a changing climate can pose
risks to water security.
Therefore, it is recommended that the Town invests in developing its inventory of green infrastructure.
In doing so, the Town can increase its stormwater management capacity, resilience to heavy rainfall and
flooding events, as well as overall sustainability.
4.2.1.2 FLOODING
Flooding was identified as a significant vulnerability for the Town as it was the most discussed climate
event throughout the engagement sessions. Several measures are proposed to help prepare the Town
for the impacts of flooding and are detailed in the sections that follow.
RAISE ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS OF LIFT STATIONS
Lift stations are critical components to every community's water and wastewater management efforts.
The flooding of Sewage Lift Stations (SLS) #7 and #10 quickly render them inoperable as the flood can
physically damage the electrical components. Lift station failure can result in overflow situations and
4.0 Adaptation Planning 29
Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Community Climate Change Adaptation Plan - Final Report
March 2021
sewer backups of untreated wastewater into homes or surrounding environments. For this reason, it is
recommended that the Town raises the electrical components of these lift stations to be above the
future projected flood levels.
HEIGHTEN AND STRENGTHEN BERM AROUND LAGOON
Flooding can have a major impact on the Town's wastewater lagoon and the effluent loadings to
receiving waters. As flood levels rise, the lagoon will be at higher risks of being overwhelmed. This
interferes with the treatment process and causes untreated sewage to overflow to the immediate
environment which can pose environmental and human health risks. Therefore, it is recommended that
the Town heightens and strengthens the berm around the wastewater lagoon to reduce the risk of this
impact.
PERMANENTLY RAISE ROADS (AS NEEDED)
The roads that were considered under this strategy were: Brandy Point Road (between 9 and 36 Brandy
Point Road); Riverside Park Drive; Nerepis Road (between Westfield School and 159 Nerepis Road);
Shannon Road-Bridge; and Brittain Road (between 9 Nerepis Road and the bridge). In order to maintain
connectivity and mobility for Town residents as well as emergency services, it was discussed that the
Town should consider the permanent raising of heavily flooded roads.
PROTECT RIVER CENTRE AGAINST HIGH FLOOD EVENTS
Brundage Point River Centre is located right next to the Saint John River and floods annually in the
spring due to the freshet. It is recommended that the Town continues to protect the building through
existing measures such as barricading and pumping out the basement when it floods. However, it is to
be noted that an exploration of other proactive measures to mitigate this impact should be considered
in the future. This can include relocation of the River Centre or raising the structure itself to be above
the latest flood extents.
ESTABLISH PREVENTATIVE ZONING AND PERMITTING
As flood limits change through time, reviewing and revising land use policies to adapt to the changing
environmental conditions can help the Town prepare for future flooding challenges. This can include the
revision and update of the Town's future land use plan to consider diverting development away from
flood-prone areas wherever possible, and the setting an updated minimum building elevation for new
construction as per recommendations provided by Université de Moncton (results pending).
Additionally, this minimum building elevation can also be utilized in the context of building up vacant
land to facilitate development of vacant lots within the flood extents if development cannot be diverted
to outside of the flood extents. These measures seek to encourage the safe and practical development
of the Town and mitigate the potential future costs associated with the repairs and remediation of flood
impacted structures.
4.0 Adaptation Planning 30
Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Community Climate Change Adaptation Plan - Final Report
March 2021
4.2.1.3 HIGH TEMPERATURES AND DROUGHT CONDITIONS
Considering the aging populaƟon and the drasƟc increase in the number of heat waves and hot days, the
Town should establish precauƟonary measures for their residents at each heat alert level (outlined in
SecƟon 3.0.3 above). This will work to reduce the risk of heat stress and heat-related illnesses for
vulnerable members of the community. The idenƟfied vulnerability concerning the private wells was
flagged as a concern since water is an essenƟal service. The Town is limited in potenƟal acƟons that can
be taken to miƟgate this vulnerability as residents are primarily on private drinking water wells.
AddiƟonally, the vulnerability idenƟfied with the water supply pump houses were considered to be
minimal as the Town can manage with the exisƟng pumps.
ACQUIRE GENERATORS FOR THE RIVER CENTRE TO FUNCTION AS A COOLING/WARMING CENTRE
One adaptation measure is to install generators at the River Centre to establish a dedicated cooling
centre in the summer and warming centre in the winter. The River Centre currently serves as the Town's
emergency centre, and this measure will help improve its capacity to temporarily address the negative
impacts of intense heat or cold. This will serve the Town population especially those who do not have
access to air conditioning in the summer and/or heating in the winter.
INSTALL SHADING STRUCTURES IN PUBLIC SPACES
To further alleviate the negative impacts of heat, it is also recommended that the Town explores the
installation of shade structures at strategic public locations such as bus stops, open spaces, and ball
fields. Shade structures can reduce high heat exposure, help cool outdoor spaces and provide
pedestrians some level of protection against the elements.
DEVELOP PUBLIC WATER INFRASTRUCTURE FOR COLONEL NASE BOULEVARD
As growth of the Town continues, the water demand will grow accordingly as well. This increase in
demand for water use coupled with the potential decrease in groundwater recharge due to dry and hot
seasons, can place increasing strain on the Town water table. One adaptation measure to address this is
to develop public water source, supply and treatment system for the Colonel Nase Boulevard and other
residential intensification areas. This water system is not expected to replace existing private wells, but
will allow the Town to continue to develop with a robust water supply that is less sensitive to hot and
dry climate conditions.
4.3.1 RECOMMENDATIONS
The recommendations developed during the internal adaptation planning workshop address the
moderate and high interactions identified in the vulnerability assessment and are discussed from a high-
level as they relate to specific climate hazards. A detailed list of adaptation measures and
recommendations are presented in Appendix D - Adaptation and Recommendations.
4.0 Adaptation Planning 31
Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Community Climate Change Adaptation Plan - Final Report
March 2021
HEAVY RAINFALL
With its identified impact on the railway, it is important to note rail assets are outside of Town
jurisdiction but concerns regarding the railway itself or culvert systems underneath the rail should be
identified and communicated to NB Southern/DTI for remedial actions.
The stormwater and wastewater management systems were also found to be heavily impacted by
projected increases in heavy rainfall. The following recommendations are proposed to help the Town
prepare for the impacts of heavy rainfall events:
·
Continue to conduct on-site inspections of culverts/ drainage ditches before and after heavy
rainfall events.
HIGH TEMPERATURES/ DROUGHT CONDITIONS
High temperature events were also found to have a number of interactions with key Town infrastructure
assets including private wells, asphalt roads, and roof shingles. However, private wells extend well
beyond the Town's jurisdiction and so the following recommendations are proposed to help the Town
prepare for the impacts of high temperatures and drought conditions:
·
Continue to conduct yearly roadway inspections currently conducted by the Town's consulting
engineers.
·
Work with contractor/ consultant to establish QA/QC measures during asphalt installation to
help reduce premature deterioration of asphalt surfaces.
·
Explore alternative roofing materials or UV protective coating on a case-by-case basis where
roofing change is needed while continuing to manage with existing measures.
FREEZING RAIN/ FREEZE-THAW CYCLES
Freezing rain and freeze-thaw cycles were also found to have a number of interactions with key Town
infrastructure assets including asphalt roads, and power supply. The following recommendations are
proposed to help the Town prepare for the impacts of freezing rain and freeze-thaw cycles:
·
Continue to conduct yearly roadway inspections currently conducted by the Town's consulting
engineers.
·
Review building electricity needs and update EMO Plan to capture large scale power outage
events as part of ongoing operational improvements
·
Review expected snowfall and de-icing procedures ahead of issuing the yearly Snow Control
tender. Changes to be considered may include modifying the type of de-icer used with less
corrosive agents.
4.0 Adaptation Planning 32
Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Community Climate Change Adaptation Plan - Final Report
March 2021
4.4 PLANNING ADAPTATIONS
FLOODING
Land Use Planning is criƟcal for delivering economic, social and environmental benefits by creaƟng more
stable and predictable condiƟons for investment and development. A combinaƟon of structural and
non-structural measures can be taken from a land-use planning perspecƟve to most effecƟvely reduce
flood risk. These measures include:
·
SeparaƟon of river and populaƟon (land-use control, flood-proofing, house-raising etc.);
·
Redevelopment of land use policies (minimum building elevaƟon standards); and
·
Source control to reduce runoff (permeable pavement, afforestaƟon, planƟng naƟve species).
SeparaƟng the river and populaƟon prepares for the longevity of the town. Flood proofing homes and
other buildings within the flood risk area will improve the durability of exisƟng buildings. AlternaƟvely,
raising exisƟng homes above the predicted future flood levels is an opƟon for homeowners who may be
at risk of property damage from flooding.
Redeveloping land use policies to adapt to the changing environmental condiƟons would be beneficial to
prepare for future challenges. As such, implemenƟng a minimum building elevaƟon standard, as per as
per recommendaƟons provided by Université de Moncton (results pending), into the exisƟng land use
policies would beƩer equip the town for resilient future development. This standard will encourage
housing starts to be developed on a level that that accounts for the high risk of flooding. Access points
for these properƟes should also meet the minimum building elevaƟon to ensure secure access to and
from the property in the event of a flood.
Building up vacant land to meet these minimum requirements would allow for residents to capitalize on
the number of vacant lots that are in the 100-year flood extents, while adhering to the minimum
building elevaƟon standards. Given that there are 61 vacant plots of land within the flood risk areas of
the town, development of residenƟal units on these properƟes is likely. RegulaƟng these developments
with minimum building elevaƟons will require property owners to build up their land prior to
development, which will in turn prepare for the longevity of their development.
AddiƟonally, integraƟng a minimum infrastructure development standard will increase the durability of
infrastructure and safety of residents. Building up road infrastructure will help prepare for future
flooding scenarios. This will increase reliability of emergency service vehicles and also improve the
mobility for residents living in flood risk areas.
Furthermore, stormwater management strategies can also be considered to miƟgate future flood risks.
Preserving natural greenspace when planning for new development, developing green infrastructure
with naƟve plants with high absorpƟon rates, construcƟng permeable surfaces where feasible, and
implemenƟng afforestaƟon pracƟces can improve the management of inland flood risks.
4.0 Adaptation Planning 33
Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Community Climate Change Adaptation Plan - Final Report
March 2021
HEAT RISK
Based on the province's HARS, it is recommended that cooling centres be available to accommodate for
residents who can classified into Level 2 and above. Everyone is at increased risk of heat stress and heat
stroke under Level 2 condiƟons, especially those without access to air condiƟoning and members of
vulnerable groups. Considering the aging populaƟon in GBW, cooling centres should be an important
consideraƟon to reduce the risk of heat-related illnesses or deaths.
AddiƟonally, considering the popularity of outdoor acƟvity in the GBW community, it is recommended
that shading structures are introduced in strategic locaƟons to minimize the impact of heat exposure.
With the exponenƟal increase in the number of hot days in the coming years, it will be important to
invest in shading structures at outdoor locaƟons such as ball fields, bus stops and public open spaces.
Shading structures play an important role in designing pedestrian friendly outdoor spaces.
DROUGHT
Sustainable development of towns like GBW requires robust water supply systems. Considering the
implementaƟon of public water infrastructure for Colonel Nase Boulevard and other residenƟal
intensificaƟon areas will help miƟgate future impacts surrounding water insecurity.
To miƟgate impacts and adapt to dry condiƟons, it is important to consider drought resistance planning.
ImplemenƟng low impact design and landscaping elements can alleviate concerns of drought. There are
various types of low impact design and landscaping elements. PlanƟng naƟve and drought tolerant
species will help to minimize water usage can increase the Town's environmental vitality. AddiƟonally,
forgoing large areas of impermeable surfaces (surface parking) will help maintain natural infiltraƟon and
lessen the developmental impact on the natural water table. Furthermore, maintaining forest cover will
offer watershed protecƟon, prevent soil erosion and ulƟmately miƟgate the other impacts of climate
change.
ImplemenƟng drought resistance planning in GBW in ways that respond to climate change has benefits
that go beyond coping with droughts, floods and high temperatures. If done sensiƟvely, it can foster
learning opportuniƟes and contribute to community health and well-being.
5.0 Conclusion 34
Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Community Climate Change Adaptation Plan - Final Report
March 2021
5.0 CONCLUSION
The Climate Change Adaptation Plan aims to present a starting point as to how GBW can continue to
proactively prepare for the projected changes in climate patterns. This Plan will require consistent
monitoring and review of the adaptation measures and recommendations outlined in Section 4.0 of this
report. The developed adaptation measures and recommendations present opportunities for GBW to
improve climate resilience to chronic and emerging climate impacts.
In summary, the climate change vulnerability assessment conducted for the GBW identified sixteen (16)
moderate risk and one (1) high risk interactions from the infrastructure assessment, and fourteen (14)
high risk and twenty-eight (28) moderate risk interactions from the spatial assessment. Additionally, the
planning review has also brought light onto the impacts of flooding and increasing heat on the Town
population and growth. The adaptation measures developed heavily address the two climate hazards
that have been found to have the most impact on the community, flooding and high
temperatures/drought conditions. The adaptation measures are characterized by their need for funding
and capital investment. These include the development of green infrastructure to improve the Town's
overall stormwater management capacity, updating of physical infrastructure such as the strengthening
of the lagoon berm or the flood-proofing of pump stations, and setting up a municipal cooling Centre.
A set of recommendations were developed in addition to the adaptation measures and were centred on
the continuous improvement of existing actions. These include the review and/or modification of
processes and systems that are currently in place.
The adaptation measures and recommendations outlined in Section 4.0 - Adaptation Planning of this
CCAP as well as Appendix D - Adaptations and Recommendations, will require ongoing and scheduled
review and update as additional datasets are collected, including data pertaining to ongoing monitoring
of impacts and the effectiveness of the Town's responses to such impacts.
5.1 LIMITATIONS
The nature of completing a qualitative analysis inherently includes limitations and uncertainties, as they
are informed by observed trends and expected impacts. The individuals present for the assessment of
service and operational vulnerabilities are familiar with Hampton's infrastructure, services and past
climatic impacts, therefore their contribution to the discussion was invaluable in identifying
vulnerabilities. An additional limitation encountered in this project was the limited number of responses
during the first online engagement activity, which is the online vulnerability mapping exercise. The map
was pre-populated with 15 initially identified vulnerabilities and only 1 additional response was received
throughout the session.
5.0 Conclusion 35
Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Community Climate Change Adaptation Plan - Final Report
March 2021
5.1.1 CLIMATE DATA LIMITATIONS
The climate change hazards used in this project were obtained from two sources, each using separate
projection models with inherent limitations. Generally, the uncertainty found in climate projections can
be divided into three main categories:
1.
Natural climate variability (i.e., the natural fluctuations of the climate on timescales ranging
from days to decades);
2.
Models (i.e. different parameterizations in models can lead to somewhat different climate
change signals or properties); and
3.
Scenarios (i.e. future CO2 emissions, representative concentration pathways).
Uncertainty categories 1 and 2 relate to the use of large ensembles of models. Using a large ensemble
will ultimately help develop a measure of the natural climate variability, which is related to the spread of
the simulations estimated by looking at the 10th, 25th, 75th and 90th percentiles for each climate
indicator.
Uncertainty category 3 is covered by using the most realistic RCP scenarios (namely RCP 8.5) to align
with the current progress of global GHG emission reductions. RCP 8.5 aligns with the current "business
as usual" trend of no significant reduction in global GHG emissions, and a possibility of continued growth
in atmospheric loadings of global GHGs.
This report was prepared by Dillon Consulting Limited for the sole benefit of our Client for the purposes
outlined in our approved scope of work. The material in it reflects Dillon's best judgment in light of the
information available to it at the time of preparation. Any use which a third party makes of this report,
or any reliance on or decisions made based on it, are the responsibilities of such third parties.
References 36
Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Community Climate Change Adaptation Plan - Final Report
March 2021
REFERENCES
Associated Programme on Flood Management (2016). Integrated Flood Management Tools Series - The
Role of Land-Use Planning in Flood Management. Retrieved from:
hƩps://www.floodmanagement.info/publicaƟons/tools/APFM_Tool_07.pdf
Cheng et al., (2011). Possible Impacts of Climate Change on Freezing Rain Using Downscaled Future
Climate Scenarios: Updated for Eastern Canada. Atmosphere-Ocean Journal. 49 (1) 2011, 8-21.
Cheng et al., (2014). Possible Impacts of Climate Change on Wind Gusts Using Downscaled Future
Climate Scenarios: Updated for Canada. Journal of Climate. 27 (3) 2014, 1255-1270
Climate Nexus (2021). RCP 8.5: Business-As-Usual or a Worst-Case Scenario? Retrieved From:
https://climatenexus.org/climate-change-news/rcp-8-5-business-as-usual-or-a-worst-case-
scenario/#:~:text=RCP%208.5%20refers%20to%20the,relative%20to%20pre%2Dindustrial%20te
mperatures
Environment Canada (2019). Canadian Climate Normals - 1981-2010 Climate Normals & Averages.
Retrieved from: http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/index_e.html
Harper, S. (2019). The Convergence of Population Ageing with Climate Change. Population Ageing. 12,
401 -403 (2019). Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12062-019-09255-5
New Brunswick Canada (2021). Heat Alert and Response System (HARS). Retrieved from:
https://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/ocmoh/healthy_environments/content/he
at_related_illnesses/ResponseSystem.html
Roy, P. and Huard D. (2016). Future Climate Scenarios - Province of New-Brunswick. Montreal: Ouranos.
NB ERD (2018). New Brunswick Energy and Resource Development Department. Historical
Satellite Imagery Archive
Statistics Canada (2016). Census Profile, 2016 Census, Grand Bay-Westfield, New Brunswick, Canada.
Retrieved from: https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-
pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=1305015&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=C
ount&SearchText=Grand%20Bay-
Westfield&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&TABID=1&B1=All
A - 1
Appendix A
Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Community Climate Change Adaptation Plan - Final
Report
March 2021
B
Vulnerability InteracƟon Matrix and Scores
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
Transportation
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Asphalt Roadways/ Parking Lots
Premature deterioration of
asphalt surfaces (softening)
leading to increased maintenance
2
6
Premature deterioration of
concrete surfaces (hardening)
leading to increased maintenance
3
9
0
Frost heaving causing cracks and
potholes leading to increased
maintenance
3
12
Increase salt usage causing
premature deterioration leading
to increased maintenance
3
9
0
0
0
Asphalt and Concrete Sidewalks
0
Premature deterioration of
concrete surfaces (hardening)
leading to increased maintenance
1
3
0
Frost heaving causing cracks and
potholes leading to increased
maintenance
1
4
Increase salt usage causing
premature deterioration leading
to increased maintenance
2
6
0
0
0
Gravel or Natural Pedestrian Trails
0
0
Washout of material leading to
increased maintenance and
purchase of additional material
2
8
0
0
0
The municipal heritage trail
typically experiences severe
washouts and fallen trees. This
can result in closure for repairs
and maintenance
2
6
0
Railway (NB Southern Railroad)
0
0
Erosion of railbed material
causing gaps or uneven rails due
to lack of support leading to
potential train derailment
7
28
Water intrusion in railbed
material worsening cracks and
causing gaps or uneven rails due
to lack of support leading to
potential train derailment
5
20
0
0
0
0
Water, Wastewater, Storm Assets
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
U/G Sanitary Sewer Lines
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sewage Lift Stations
0
0
Lift stations become
overwhelmed/ fail, leading to
sewage backup in homes or
emergency overflow. There are
known I&I concerns at cnnection
points
6
24
0
0
0
0
0
Grinder Pump Stations
0
0
Pump stations become
overwhelmed/ fail, leading to
sewage backup in homes or
emergency overflow.
6
24
0
0
0
0
0
Wastewater Treatment Building
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Wastewater Lagoon
0
0
Possible overtopping/overflowing
of lagoon which creates more
environmental hazards
0
0
0
0
0
0
Trickling Filter Building
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
U/G Storm Sewer Lines
0
Older or poorly insulated pipes
susceptible to cracking. Increased
maintenance needs
6
18
0
Older/poorly insulated pipes
susceptible to cracking. Increased
maintenance needs
6
24
0
0
0
0
Water Supply Pump Houses
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Low water levels - Can't pump
water to fill tanker trucks.
Depending on elevation of pond
and elevations of inverts of
culverts. Tanker truck can extend
hose into the river
2
6
Culverts and Catch Basins
0
0
Heavy rainfall coupled with poor
drainage can lead to potential
overland flooding
4
16
0
0
0
High wind gusts can blow debris
and block culverts leading to poor
drainage and potential overland
flooding
2
6
0
Private Wells
0
Infiltration and potential
contamination based on
increased water run off
4
16
0
0
0
Drought conditions can dry up
wells and impede groundwater
recharge causing water security
concerns
0
0
Community Structures
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Foundation/ Structure
0
Cracking of foundations leading
to increased maintenance and
repair
2
6
Water intrusion causing leaks and
possible flooding due to existing
cracks leading to increased
maintenance and repairs
2
8
Water intrusion and freezing
causing larger cracks leading to
increased maintenance and
repairs, exacerbated
deterioration and lack of
structural intergrity
2
8
0
0
0
0
Roof (shingles)
Sun (UV) exposure leading to
premature deterioration of
shingles
2
6
Cold temperatures leading to
premature deterioration of
shingles
2
6
0
Water intrusion in cracks and
raised shingles causing leaks and
indoor damage
2
8
0
0
Loss of shingles
2
6
0
Roof (flat)
0
0
Drainage system overwhelmed
causing ponding and potential
leaks
3
12
0
Drainage system overwhelmed
causing ponding and potential
leaks
3
9
0
0
0
Exterior Finishes
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mechanical/ Electrical
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
High Temperatures
Very Hot Days (+30 °C)
3
3
4
4
3
4
Snow Fall
Days with Snowfall > 10cm
High Wind Gusts
High Winds > 70km/hr
Climate Hazards
Low Temperatures
Very Cold Days (-20 °C)
Heavy Precipitation
Heavy Precipitation Days (20mm)
Freeze-Thaw Cycles
Freeze-Thaw Counts
Freezing Rain
Days with Rain or Ice Pellets lasting > 6 hrs
Drought Conditions
Long Spell of Dry Days
Asset Listing
Current (2020) Climate Asset Impacts
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
3
3
High Temperatures
Very Hot Days (+30 °C)
3
3
4
4
3
4
Snow Fall
Days with Snowfall > 10cm
High Wind Gusts
High Winds > 70km/hr
Climate Hazards
Low Temperatures
Very Cold Days (-20 °C)
Heavy Precipitation
Heavy Precipitation Days (20mm)
Freeze-Thaw Cycles
Freeze-Thaw Counts
Freezing Rain
Days with Rain or Ice Pellets lasting > 6 hrs
Drought Conditions
Long Spell of Dry Days
Asset Listing
Recreational Elements
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Splash Pad
0
If water is not drained from inside
system, can freeze and cause
major issues.
4
12
0
Frost heaving impacting -
engineered base material should
be resilient to these changes
1
4
0
0
0
0
Washroom facility
0
If water is not drained from inside
system, can freeze and cause
major issues.
4
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
Gazebo at Unity Park - Metal Structure
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Parks
0
0
Poor drainage and ponding, could
damage grass and grounds
2
8
0
0
0
The trees could be damaged or
completely lost
1
3
Damage to grass and flora
2
6
Community Elements
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Power/ Utility
0
0
0
0
Downed power lines/poles from
ice accretion or debris blowing
onto structure
6
18
0
Downed power lines/poles from
ice accretion or debris blowing
onto structure
6
18
0
Cellphone/ Data
0
0
0
0
Downed communication
lines/poles from ice accretion or
debris blowing onto structure
6
18
0
Downed communication
lines/poles from ice accretion or
debris blowing onto structure
6
18
0
Current (2020) Climate Asset Impacts
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
Transportation
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Asphalt Roadways/ Parking Lots
Premature deterioration of
asphalt surfaces (softening)
leading to increased maintenance
2
14
Premature deterioration of
concrete surfaces (hardening)
leading to increased maintenance
3
3
0
Frost heaving causing cracks and
potholes leading to increased
maintenance
3
12
Increase salt usage causing
premature deterioration leading
to increased maintenance
3
12
0
0
0
Asphalt and Concrete Sidewalks
0
Premature deterioration of
concrete surfaces (hardening)
leading to increased maintenance
1
1
0
Frost heaving causing cracks and
potholes leading to increased
maintenance
1
4
Increase salt usage causing
premature deterioration leading
to increased maintenance
2
8
0
0
0
Gravel or Natural Pedestrian Trails
0
0
Washout of material leading to
increased maintenance and
purchase of additional material
2
8
0
0
0
The municipal heritage trail
typically experiences severe
washouts and fallen trees. This
can result in closure for repairs
and maintenance
2
8
0
Railway (NB Southern Railroad)
0
0
Erosion of railbed material
causing gaps or uneven rails due
to lack of support leading to
potential train derailment
7
28
Water intrusion in railbed
material worsening cracks and
causing gaps or uneven rails due
to lack of support leading to
potential train derailment
5
20
0
0
0
0
Water, Wastewater, Storm Assets
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
U/G Sanitary Sewer Lines
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sewage Lift Stations
0
0
Lift stations become
overwhelmed/ fail, leading to
sewage backup in homes or
emergency overflow. There are
known I&I concerns at cnnection
points
6
24
0
0
0
0
0
Grinder Pump Stations
0
0
Pump stations become
overwhelmed/ fail, leading to
sewage backup in homes or
emergency overflow.
6
24
0
0
0
0
0
Wastewater Treatment Building
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Wastewater Lagoon
0
0
Possible overtopping/overflowing
of lagoon which creates more
environmental hazards
0
0
0
0
0
0
Trickling Filter Building
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
U/G Storm Sewer Lines
0
Older or poorly insulated pipes
susceptible to cracking. Increased
maintenance needs
6
6
0
Older/poorly insulated pipes
susceptible to cracking. Increased
maintenance needs
6
24
0
0
0
0
Water Supply Pump Houses
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Low water levels - Can't pump
water to fill tanker trucks.
Depending on elevation of pond
and elevations of inverts of
culverts. Tanker truck can extend
hose into the river
2
14
Culverts and Catch Basins
0
0
Heavy rainfall coupled with poor
drainage can lead to potential
overland flooding
4
16
0
0
0
High wind gusts can blow debris
and block culverts leading to poor
drainage and potential overland
flooding
2
8
0
Private Wells
0
Infiltration and potential
contamination based on
increased water run off
4
16
0
0
0
Drought conditions can dry up
wells and impede groundwater
recharge causing water security
concerns
0
0
Community Structures
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Foundation/ Structure
0
Cracking of foundations leading
to increased maintenance and
repair
2
2
Water intrusion causing leaks and
possible flooding due to existing
cracks leading to increased
maintenance and repairs
2
8
Water intrusion and freezing
causing larger cracks leading to
increased maintenance and
repairs, exacerbated
deterioration and lack of
structural intergrity
2
8
0
0
0
0
Roof (shingles)
Sun (UV) exposure leading to
premature deterioration of
shingles
2
14
Cold temperatures leading to
premature deterioration of
shingles
2
2
0
Water intrusion in cracks and
raised shingles causing leaks and
indoor damage
2
8
0
0
Loss of shingles
2
8
0
Roof (flat)
0
0
Drainage system overwhelmed
causing ponding and potential
leaks
3
12
0
Drainage system overwhelmed
causing ponding and potential
leaks
3
12
0
0
0
Exterior Finishes
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mechanical/ Electrical
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
7
7
1
4
4
4
2
Asset Listing
Climate Hazards
High Temperatures
Very Hot Days (+30 °C)
Low Temperatures
Very Cold Days (-20 °C)
Heavy Precipitation
Heavy Precipitation Days (20mm)
Freeze-Thaw Cycles
Freeze-Thaw Counts
Freezing Rain
Days with Rain or Ice Pellets lasting > 6 hrs
Snow Fall
Days with Snowfall > 10cm
High Wind Gusts
High Winds > 70km/hr
Drought Conditions
Long Spell of Dry Days
Projected Future (2080) Climate Asset Impacts
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
4
7
7
1
4
4
4
2
Asset Listing
Climate Hazards
High Temperatures
Very Hot Days (+30 °C)
Low Temperatures
Very Cold Days (-20 °C)
Heavy Precipitation
Heavy Precipitation Days (20mm)
Freeze-Thaw Cycles
Freeze-Thaw Counts
Freezing Rain
Days with Rain or Ice Pellets lasting > 6 hrs
Snow Fall
Days with Snowfall > 10cm
High Wind Gusts
High Winds > 70km/hr
Drought Conditions
Long Spell of Dry Days
Recreational Elements
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Splash Pad
0
If water is not drained from inside
system, can freeze and cause
major issues.
4
4
0
Frost heaving impacting -
engineered base material should
be resilient to these changes
1
4
0
0
0
0
Washroom facility
0
If water is not drained from inside
system, can freeze and cause
major issues.
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
Gazebo at Unity Park - Metal Structure
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Parks
0
0
Poor drainage and ponding, could
damage grass and grounds
2
8
0
0
0
The trees could be damaged or
completely lost
1
4
Damage to grass and flora
2
14
Community Elements
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Power/ Utility
0
0
0
0
Downed power lines/poles from
ice accretion or debris blowing
onto structure
6
24
0
Downed power lines/poles from
ice accretion or debris blowing
onto structure
6
24
0
Cellphone/ Data
0
0
0
0
Downed communication
lines/poles from ice accretion or
debris blowing onto structure
6
24
0
Downed communication
lines/poles from ice accretion or
debris blowing onto structure
6
24
0
Future (2080) Climate Asset Impacts
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
Transportation
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Asphalt Roadways/ Parking Lots
0
0
0
0
Slippery Conditions -
safety issues and strain
on operations and
maintenance staff -
vehicular traffic
3
9
Snow days combined
with Rain creates icy
conditions - safety
concerns
3
12
0
0
Asphalt and Concrete Sidewalks
0
0
0
0
Slippery Conditions -
safety issues and strain
on operations and
maintenance staff.
Could lead to increased
legal fees due to
increased
slips/trips/falls claims
2
6
Snow days combined
with Rain creates icy
conditions increasing
occurrence of
slips/trips/falls
2
8
0
0
Gravel or Natural Pedestrian Trails
0
0
0
0
Slippery Conditions -
safety issues and strain
on operations and
maintenance staff.
Could lead to increased
legal fees due to
increased
slips/trips/falls claims
4
12
Snow days combined
with Rain creates icy
conditions increasing
occurrence of
slips/trips/falls
4
16
0
0
Railway (NB Southern Railroad)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Water, Wastewater, Storm Assets
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
U/G Sanitary Sewer Lines
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Water Supply Pump Houses
0
0
0
0
0
0
Power disruption during high
wind events
0
0
U/G Storm Sewer Lines
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Culverts and Catch Basins
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sewage Lift Stations (wet wells, no buildings)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Grinder Pump Stations
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Wastewater Treatment Building (blower building)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Wastewater Lagoon
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Trickling Filter Building
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Community Structures
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Foundation/ Structure
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Roof (shingles)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Roof (flat)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Exterior Finishes
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mechanical/ Electrical
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Recreational Elements
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Splash Pad
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Restricted use due to
possibility of water
constraints during dry
seasons
1
6
Parks and Trails
0
0
Increased maintenance
operations due to washout
of trail material/soil.
2
6
0
0
0
Increased maintenance
operations due to downed
trees/branches/debris
2
6
0
Community Elements
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Power/ Utility
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cellphone/ Data
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
High Temperatures
Very Hot Days (+30 °C)
3
3
4
4
3
4
Snow Fall
Days with Snowfall > 10cm
High Wind Gusts
High Winds > 70km/hr
Climate Hazards
Low Temperatures
Very Cold Days (-20 °C)
Heavy Precipitation
Heavy Precipitation Days (20mm)
Freeze-Thaw Cycles
Freeze-Thaw Counts
Freezing Rain
Days with Rain or Ice Pellets lasting > 6
hrs
Drought Conditions
Long Spell of Dry Days
Asset Listing
Current (2020) Climate Service Impacts
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
Probability Score
Transportation
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Asphalt Roadways/ Parking Lots
0
0
0
0
Slippery Conditions -
safety issues and strain
on operations and
maintenance staff -
vehicular traffic
3
12
Snow days combined
with Rain creates icy
conditions - safety
concerns
3
6
0
0
Asphalt and Concrete Sidewalks
0
0
0
0
Slippery Conditions -
safety issues and strain
on operations and
maintenance staff.
Could lead to increased
legal fees due to
increased
slips/trips/falls claims
2
8
Snow days combined
with Rain creates icy
conditions increasing
occurrence of
slips/trips/falls
2
4
0
0
Gravel or Natural Pedestrian Trails
0
0
0
0
Slippery Conditions -
safety issues and strain
on operations and
maintenance staff.
Could lead to increased
legal fees due to
increased
slips/trips/falls claims
4
16
Snow days combined
with Rain creates icy
conditions increasing
occurrence of
slips/trips/falls
4
8
0
0
Railway (NB Southern Railroad)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Water, Wastewater, Storm Assets
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
U/G Sanitary Sewer Lines
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Water Supply Pump Houses
0
0
0
0
0
0
Power disruption during high
wind events
0
0
U/G Storm Sewer Lines
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Culverts and Catch Basins
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sewage Lift Stations (wet wells, no buildings)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Grinder Pump Stations
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Wastewater Treatment Building (blower building)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Wastewater Lagoon
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Trickling Filter Building
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Community Structures
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Foundation/ Structure
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Roof (shingles)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Roof (flat)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Exterior Finishes
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mechanical/ Electrical
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Recreational Elements
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Splash Pad
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Restricted use due to
possibility of water
constraints during dry
seasons
1
7
Parks and Trails
0
0
Increased maintenance
operations due to washout
of trail material/soil.
2
8
0
0
0
Increased maintenance
operations due to downed
trees/branches/debris
2
8
0
Community Elements
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Impact
S
R
Power/ Utility
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cellphone/ Data
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
7
7
1
4
4
4
2
Asset Listing
Climate Hazards
High Temperatures
Very Hot Days (+30 °C)
Low Temperatures
Very Cold Days (-20 °C)
Heavy Precipitation
Heavy Precipitation Days (20mm)
Freeze-Thaw Cycles
Freeze-Thaw Counts
Freezing Rain
Days with Rain or Ice Pellets lasting > 6
hrs
Snow Fall
Days with Snowfall > 10cm
High Wind Gusts
High Winds > 70km/hr
Drought Conditions
Long Spell of Dry Days
Projected Future (2080) Climate Service Impacts
B - 1
Appendix B
Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Community Climate Change Adaptation Plan - Final
Report
March 2021
C Flooding and Risk Discussion Maps
U
V
177
WOOLASTOOK Drive
SHANNON Road
STATION
Street
BAYVIEW
Road
THOMPSON Road
JUNE Avenue
MURRAY Street
HIGHLAND Road
LAKEVIEW
Road
GEORGE
Street
ASH
GLEN
Lane
COL. NASE Boulevard
H
e
n
d
e
rson Bro
ok
Pamdenec
TOWN OF GRAND BAY WESTFIELD
FLOOD ELEVATION MAPS
FIGURE A
0
75
150
37.5
Meters
²
MAP DRAWING INFORMATION: ESRI, DIGITALGLOBE, GEOEYE, EATHSTAR
GEOGRAPHICS, CNES/AIRBUS DS, USDA, USGS,AEROGRID, IGN,
AND THE GIS USER COMMUNITY
DATA PROVIDED BY: GEONB, GOVERNMENT OF CANADA
MAP CREATED BY: KCE
MAP CHECKED BY: JAB
MAP PROJECTION: NAD 1983 CSRS NEW BRUNSWICK STEREOGRAPHIC
FILE LOCATION: E:\Shared drives\202437_GBW_Flood_Mapping\202437_Grand_Bay_Flood_Mapping\data_maps\mxds\CCAP_MAPS\203070_GB_Flood_FLU_20201126.mxd
PROJECT: 20-3070
STATUS: DRAFT
DATE: 2020-11-27
Projected 100 year Flood Level
(6.70 m - CGVD28)
Town Boundary
GeoNB PAN Boundaries
Watercourse
Street
Highway
Railway
CLIENT LOGO
Service Layer Credits: Source: Esri, Maxar, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community
SCALE 1:7,500
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
F
E
H
D
C
B
A
G
Nerepis
Ketepec
Ingleside
Public Landing
Hardings Point
Westfield Centre
Grand Bay-Westfield
Future Land Use - Flood Affected Areas
Institutional
Stable Residential
Environmental Protection
U
V
177
YOUNG Street
CENTRAL Avenue
BOYD Drive
MORNING SIDE
Crescent
MAPLECREST
Drive
KIRTLEY
Avenue
HAMILTON Road
JUNE Avenue
INGLEWOOD Drive
BRANDY Crescent
PAMDENEC Road
MAJESTIC Drive
GEORGE Street
LONGWOOD
Drive
EPWORTH PARK Road
BELLEAIRE
Terrace
MEADOW BROOK Drive
CRESTWOOD
Drive
BAYSONG
Bluff
RIVER Street
PINE Avenue
HILLSIDE Road
WOOLASTOOK
Drive
STEVENS Court
FLORENCE Drive
GARDEN Road
RIDGE Way
APPLE
HILL
Road
INGLESIDE
Court
EMMA
Avenue
RAINBOW
Crescent
BEVERLEY
HILLS Drive
NELSON Street
SUNSET
Crescent
VALLEY VIEW Drive
LEIGHSIDE Court
BAYCREST Drive
BRANDY
POINT
Road
Epworth Park
Ingleside
Ingleside
Heights
TOWN OF GRAND BAY WESTFIELD
FLOOD ELEVATION MAPS
FIGURE B
0
75
150
37.5
Meters
²
MAP DRAWING INFORMATION: ESRI, DIGITALGLOBE, GEOEYE, EATHSTAR
GEOGRAPHICS, CNES/AIRBUS DS, USDA, USGS,AEROGRID, IGN,
AND THE GIS USER COMMUNITY
DATA PROVIDED BY: GEONB, GOVERNMENT OF CANADA
MAP CREATED BY: KCE
MAP CHECKED BY: JAB
MAP PROJECTION: NAD 1983 CSRS NEW BRUNSWICK STEREOGRAPHIC
FILE LOCATION: E:\Shared drives\202437_GBW_Flood_Mapping\202437_Grand_Bay_Flood_Mapping\data_maps\mxds\CCAP_MAPS\203070_GB_Flood_FLU_20201126.mxd
PROJECT: 20-3070
STATUS: DRAFT
DATE: 2020-11-27
Projected 100 year Flood Level
(6.70 m - CGVD28)
Town Boundary
GeoNB PAN Boundaries
Watercourse
Street
Highway
Railway
CLIENT LOGO
Service Layer Credits: Source: Esri, Maxar, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community
SCALE 1:7,500
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
F
E
H
D
C
B
A
G
Nerepis
Ketepec
Ingleside
Public Landing
Hardings Point
Westfield Centre
Grand Bay-Westfield
Future Land Use - Flood Affected Areas
Stable Residential
Parks, Recreation and Open Space
U
V
177
MULLEN Lane
MORNING
SIDE
Crescent
WOOLASTOOK Drive
MEADOW BROOK Drive
SUMMER
Lane
BRANDY Crescent
BEVERLEY
HILLS
Drive
MAJESTIC Drive
CRESTWOOD
Drive
BAYSONG
Bluff
BROOKDALE Avenue
GARDEN Road
INGLEWOOD Drive
MERSEREAU Road
ONONETTE
Road
EDGEMOUNT Drive
BUCKLEYS
COVE
Road
HAMMOND
Road
INGLESIDE
Court
EVERGREEN
Drive
RAINBOW
Crescent
RIVERSIDE Park
COUNTRY
CLUB
Drive
SUNSET
Crescent
LEIGHSIDE Court
BAYCREST Drive
BRANDY
POINT
Road
M
illiga
n
B
rook
Epworth Park
Ingleside
Ingleside
Heights
Ononette
TOWN OF GRAND BAY WESTFIELD
FLOOD ELEVATION MAPS
FIGURE C
0
75
150
37.5
Meters
²
MAP DRAWING INFORMATION: ESRI, DIGITALGLOBE, GEOEYE, EATHSTAR
GEOGRAPHICS, CNES/AIRBUS DS, USDA, USGS,AEROGRID, IGN,
AND THE GIS USER COMMUNITY
DATA PROVIDED BY: GEONB, GOVERNMENT OF CANADA
MAP CREATED BY: KCE
MAP CHECKED BY: JAB
MAP PROJECTION: NAD 1983 CSRS NEW BRUNSWICK STEREOGRAPHIC
FILE LOCATION: E:\Shared drives\202437_GBW_Flood_Mapping\202437_Grand_Bay_Flood_Mapping\data_maps\mxds\CCAP_MAPS\203070_GB_Flood_FLU_20201126.mxd
PROJECT: 20-3070
STATUS: DRAFT
DATE: 2020-11-27
Projected 100 year Flood Level
(6.70 m - CGVD28)
Town Boundary
GeoNB PAN Boundaries
Watercourse
Street
Highway
Railway
CLIENT LOGO
Service Layer Credits: Source: Esri, Maxar, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community
SCALE 1:7,500
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
F
E
H
D
C
B
A
G
Nerepis
Ketepec
Ingleside
Public Landing
Hardings Point
Westfield Centre
Grand Bay-Westfield
Future Land Use - Flood Affected Areas
Commercial Corridor
Stable Residential
Rural Residential
Parks, Recreation and Open Space
U
V
177
TIMBERLEE
MANOR
Road
FERRY
Road
HILLANDALE
Drive
HAMMOND
Road
BALLENTINE
Place
EDGEWOOD
Lane
Sagwa
Westfield
Centre
TOWN OF GRAND BAY WESTFIELD
FLOOD ELEVATION MAPS
FIGURE D
0
75
150
37.5
Meters
²
MAP DRAWING INFORMATION: ESRI, DIGITALGLOBE, GEOEYE, EATHSTAR
GEOGRAPHICS, CNES/AIRBUS DS, USDA, USGS,AEROGRID, IGN,
AND THE GIS USER COMMUNITY
DATA PROVIDED BY: GEONB, GOVERNMENT OF CANADA
MAP CREATED BY: KCE
MAP CHECKED BY: JAB
MAP PROJECTION: NAD 1983 CSRS NEW BRUNSWICK STEREOGRAPHIC
FILE LOCATION: E:\Shared drives\202437_GBW_Flood_Mapping\202437_Grand_Bay_Flood_Mapping\data_maps\mxds\CCAP_MAPS\203070_GB_Flood_FLU_20201126.mxd
PROJECT: 20-3070
STATUS: DRAFT
DATE: 2020-11-27
Projected 100 year Flood Level
(6.70 m - CGVD28)
Town Boundary
GeoNB PAN Boundaries
Watercourse
Street
Highway
Railway
CLIENT LOGO
Service Layer Credits: Source: Esri, Maxar, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community
SCALE 1:7,500
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
F
E
H
D
C
B
A
G
Nerepis
Ketepec
Ingleside
Public Landing
Hardings Point
Westfield Centre
Grand Bay-Westfield
Future Land Use - Flood Affected Areas
Institutional
Stable Residential
Rural Residential
Parks, Recreation and Open Space
U
V
177
U
V
7
U
V
102
LACROIX Drive
WESTFIELD
Crescent
DOUGLAS
Street
KINGDOM
Road
MALLARD Drive
SPRING
Avenue
TEAL Street
MACLEAN Road
RIVER
BEND
Court
Lingley
TOWN OF GRAND BAY WESTFIELD
FLOOD ELEVATION MAPS
FIGURE E
0
75
150
37.5
Meters
²
MAP DRAWING INFORMATION: ESRI, DIGITALGLOBE, GEOEYE, EATHSTAR
GEOGRAPHICS, CNES/AIRBUS DS, USDA, USGS,AEROGRID, IGN,
AND THE GIS USER COMMUNITY
DATA PROVIDED BY: GEONB, GOVERNMENT OF CANADA
MAP CREATED BY: KCE
MAP CHECKED BY: JAB
MAP PROJECTION: NAD 1983 CSRS NEW BRUNSWICK STEREOGRAPHIC
FILE LOCATION: E:\Shared drives\202437_GBW_Flood_Mapping\202437_Grand_Bay_Flood_Mapping\data_maps\mxds\CCAP_MAPS\203070_GB_Flood_FLU_20201126.mxd
PROJECT: 20-3070
STATUS: DRAFT
DATE: 2020-11-27
Projected 100 year Flood Level
(6.70 m - CGVD28)
Town Boundary
GeoNB PAN Boundaries
Watercourse
Street
Highway
Railway
CLIENT LOGO
Service Layer Credits: Source: Esri, Maxar, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community
SCALE 1:7,500
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
F
E
H
D
C
B
A
G
Nerepis
Ketepec
Ingleside
Public Landing
Hardings Point
Westfield Centre
Grand Bay-Westfield
Future Land Use - Flood Affected Areas
Institutional
Stable Residential
Rural Residential
Parks, Recreation and Open Space
U
V
102
U
V
177
U
V
7
SUNNYSIDE Drive
MALLARD
Drive
TEAL Street
GARY Court
CHESTNUT
Drive
Lingley
Westfield
TOWN OF GRAND BAY WESTFIELD
FLOOD ELEVATION MAPS
FIGURE F
0
75
150
37.5
Meters
²
MAP DRAWING INFORMATION: ESRI, DIGITALGLOBE, GEOEYE, EATHSTAR
GEOGRAPHICS, CNES/AIRBUS DS, USDA, USGS,AEROGRID, IGN,
AND THE GIS USER COMMUNITY
DATA PROVIDED BY: GEONB, GOVERNMENT OF CANADA
MAP CREATED BY: KCE
MAP CHECKED BY: JAB
MAP PROJECTION: NAD 1983 CSRS NEW BRUNSWICK STEREOGRAPHIC
FILE LOCATION: E:\Shared drives\202437_GBW_Flood_Mapping\202437_Grand_Bay_Flood_Mapping\data_maps\mxds\CCAP_MAPS\203070_GB_Flood_FLU_20201126.mxd
PROJECT: 20-3070
STATUS: DRAFT
DATE: 2020-11-27
Projected 100 year Flood Level
(6.70 m - CGVD28)
Town Boundary
GeoNB PAN Boundaries
Watercourse
Street
Highway
Railway
CLIENT LOGO
Service Layer Credits: Source: Esri, Maxar, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community
SCALE 1:7,500
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
F
E
H
D
C
B
A
G
Nerepis
Ketepec
Ingleside
Public Landing
Hardings Point
Westfield Centre
Grand Bay-Westfield
Future Land Use - Flood Affected Areas
Stable Residential
Rural Residential
Parks, Recreation and Open Space
U
V
177
OAK Drive
SUNSET VALLEY Road
Sunset Valley
TOWN OF GRAND BAY WESTFIELD
FLOOD ELEVATION MAPS
FIGURE G
0
75
150
37.5
Meters
²
MAP DRAWING INFORMATION: ESRI, DIGITALGLOBE, GEOEYE, EATHSTAR
GEOGRAPHICS, CNES/AIRBUS DS, USDA, USGS,AEROGRID, IGN,
AND THE GIS USER COMMUNITY
DATA PROVIDED BY: GEONB, GOVERNMENT OF CANADA
MAP CREATED BY: KCE
MAP CHECKED BY: JAB
MAP PROJECTION: NAD 1983 CSRS NEW BRUNSWICK STEREOGRAPHIC
FILE LOCATION: E:\Shared drives\202437_GBW_Flood_Mapping\202437_Grand_Bay_Flood_Mapping\data_maps\mxds\CCAP_MAPS\203070_GB_Flood_FLU_20201126.mxd
PROJECT: 20-3070
STATUS: DRAFT
DATE: 2020-11-27
Projected 100 year Flood Level
(6.70 m - CGVD28)
Town Boundary
GeoNB PAN Boundaries
Watercourse
Street
Highway
Railway
CLIENT LOGO
Service Layer Credits: Source: Esri, Maxar, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community
SCALE 1:7,500
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
F
E
H
D
C
B
A
G
Nerepis
Ketepec
Ingleside
Public Landing
Hardings Point
Westfield Centre
Grand Bay-Westfield
Future Land Use - Flood Affected Areas
Stable Residential
Rural Residential
Parks, Recreation and Open Space
U
V
177
U
V
7
BRITTAIN Road
OAK Drive
CYNTHIA Drive
MCGOVERN
Road
CLEARWATER Drive
MCKENZIE Road
WORLYNN Crescent
SUNSET
VALLEY
Road
Sunset Valley
TOWN OF GRAND BAY WESTFIELD
FUTURE LAND USE FLOOD EFFECTS
FIGURE H
0
75
150
37.5
Meters
²
MAP DRAWING INFORMATION: ESRI, DIGITALGLOBE, GEOEYE, EATHSTAR
GEOGRAPHICS, CNES/AIRBUS DS, USDA, USGS,AEROGRID, IGN,
AND THE GIS USER COMMUNITY
DATA PROVIDED BY: GEONB, GOVERNMENT OF CANADA
MAP CREATED BY: KCE
MAP CHECKED BY: JAB
MAP PROJECTION: NAD 1983 CSRS NEW BRUNSWICK STEREOGRAPHIC
FILE LOCATION: E:\Shared drives\202437_GBW_Flood_Mapping\202437_Grand_Bay_Flood_Mapping\data_maps\mxds\CCAP_MAPS\203070_GB_Flood_FLU_20201126.mxd
PROJECT: 20-3070
STATUS: DRAFT
DATE: 2020-11-27
Projected 100 year Flood Level
(6.70 m - CGVD28)
Town Boundary
GeoNB PAN Boundaries
Watercourse
Street
Highway
Railway
CLIENT LOGO
Service Layer Credits: Source: Esri, Maxar, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community
SCALE 1:7,500
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
F
E
H
D
C
B
A
G
Nerepis
Ketepec
Ingleside
Public Landing
Hardings Point
Westfield Centre
Grand Bay-Westfield
Future Land Use - Flood Affected Areas
Institutional
Stable Residential
Rural Residential
U
V
7
U
V
177
U
V
845
U
V
102
WESTFIELD
Road
CAMPBELL Road
WOOLASTOOK
Drive
COL. NASE
Boulevard
HIGHLAND
Road
KINGDOM Road
HILLANDALE
Drive
ROUND
LAKE
Road
HENDERSON LAKE Road
SUNSET
VALLEY
Road
CARTERS
POINT
Road
Davie
s
Brook
Mi
l
liga
n
Brook
Hu
eso
n
B
ro
o
k
He
n
der
s
on Br
ook
Do
w
lin
g
B
rook
Sa
nders Bro
ok
St
r
a
i
ght Brook
L
ivings
t
on B
r
o
o
k
Britta
i
n St
r
ea
m
H
a
s
t
y Broo
k
S
c
ot
t
Bro
o
k
Ech
o Val
l
ey
Brook
B
rittain
s C
r
e
e
k
Cunningh
a
m
C
reek
Carters Point
Days
Landing
Epworth Park
Grand Bay
Grand
Bay-Westfield
Ingleside Heights
Lands End
Martinon
Morna
Sagwa
Westfield
Williams Lake
Compton Lake
Calvin Lake
West Lake
Days Lake
Smith Lake
Mathers Lake
Stevens Lake
Henderson Lake
Longs
Lake
ribou
Lake
West Lake
brador
Lake
Round Lake
Loch
Alva
Nelson Lake
Belvidere Lake
Turtle
Lake
Ogden Lake
Robin
Hood
Lake
Little John Lake
Corankapoon Lake
Capple
Lake
ird Hasty Lake
TOWN OF GRAND BAY WESTFIELD
FUTURE LAND USE FLOOD EFFECTS
075150
37.5
Meters
²
MAP DRAWING INFORMATION: ESRI, DIGITALGLOBE, GEOEYE, EATHSTAR
GEOGRAPHICS, CNES/AIRBUS DS, USDA, USGS,AEROGRID, IGN,
AND THE GIS USER COMMUNITY
DATA PROVIDED BY: GEONB, GOVERNMENT OF CANADA
MAP CREATED BY: KCE
MAP CHECKED BY: JAB
MAP PROJECTION: NAD 1983 CSRS NEW BRUNSWICK STEREOGRAPHIC
FILE LOCATION: E:\Shared drives\202437_GBW_Flood_Mapping\202437_Grand_Bay_Flood_Mapping\data_maps\mxds\CCAP_MAPS\203070_GB_Flood_FLU_FULL_EXTENT_20201130.mxd
PROJECT: 20-3070
STATUS: DRAFT
DATE: 2020-11-30
Projected 100 year Flood Level
(6.70 m - CGVD28)
Town Boundary
Watercourse
Street
Highway
Railway
Flood Extents (CGVD28)
2019 Flood Level at Saint John
Station (5.56 m)
2018 Flood Level at Saint John
Station (5.70 m)
Projected 100 year Flood Level
(6.70 m)
CLIENT LOGO
Service Layer Credits: Source: Esri, Maxar, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community
SCALE 1:54,112
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
F
E
H
D
C
B
A
G
Nerepis
Ketepec
Ingleside
Public Landing
Hardings Point
Westfield Centre
Grand Bay-Westfield
Future Land Use - Flood Affected Areas
Institutional
Commercial Corridor
Stable Residential
Rural Residential
Parks, Recreation and Open Space
Environmental Protection
U
V
7
U
V
177
U
V
845
U
V
102
WESTFIELD
Road
CAMPBELL
Road
BRITTAIN Road
WOOLASTOOK
Drive
COL. NASE
Boulevard
HIGHLAND
Road
INGLEWOOD
Drive
KINGDOM Road
HILLANDALE
Drive
ROUND
LAKE
Road
HENDERSON LAKE
Road
SUNSET
VALLEY
Road
CARTERS
POINT Road
Davie
s
Brook
Mi
l
liga
n
Brook
Hu
eso
n
B
ro
o
k
H
en
d
ers
o
n Br
o
ok
Do
w
lin
g
B
rook
Sa
nders Bro
ok
St
r
a
i
ght Brook
L
ivings
t
on B
r
o
o
k
H
a
s
t
y Broo
k
Sc
o
tt B
r
o
o
k
Ech
o Va
l
le
y
Brook
Britt
a
ins
C
re
ek
Cu
n
ni
n
g
h
am Creek
Carters Point
Days
Landing
Grand Bay
Grand
Bay-Westfield
Lands End
Martinon
Morna
Sagwa
Westfield
Williams Lake
Compton Lake
Calvin Lake
West Lake
Days Lake
Smith Lake
Mathers Lake
Stevens Lake
Henderson Lake
Longs
Lake
ribou
Lake
West Lake
Labrador
Lake
Round Lake
Loch
Alva
Nelson Lake
Belvidere Lake
Turtle
Lake
Ogden Lake
Robin
Hood
Lake
Little John Lake
Corankapoon Lake
Capple
Lake
Third Hasty Lake
TOWN OF GRAND BAY WESTFIELD
FLOOD RISK WATER/WASTE WATER ASSETS
0
1,000
2,000
500
Meters
²
MAP DRAWING INFORMATION: ESRI, DIGITALGLOBE, GEOEYE, EATHSTAR
GEOGRAPHICS, CNES/AIRBUS DS, USDA, USGS,AEROGRID, IGN,
AND THE GIS USER COMMUNITY
DATA PROVIDED BY: GEONB, GOVERNMENT OF CANADA
MAP CREATED BY: KCE
MAP CHECKED BY: JAB
MAP PROJECTION: NAD 1983 CSRS NEW BRUNSWICK STEREOGRAPHIC
FILE LOCATION: E:\Shared drives\202437_GBW_Flood_Mapping\202437_Grand_Bay_Flood_Mapping\data_maps\mxds\CCAP_MAPS\203070_GB_Flood_Water_Asset_Town_Bdy_20201130.mxd
PROJECT: 20-3070
STATUS: DRAFT
DATE: 2020-11-30
!?
Grinder Station
!?
Lift Station
Force Main
Sanitary Line
Potable Water Line
Watercourse
Street
Highway
Railway
Town Boundary
CLIENT LOGO
Service Layer Credits: Source: Esri, Maxar, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community
SCALE 1:55,000
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Nerepis
Ketepec
Ingleside
Public Landing
Hardings Point
Westfield Centre
Grand Bay-Westfield
Flood Extents (CGVD28)
2019 Flood Level at Saint John Station (5.56 m)
2018 Flood Level at Saint John Station (5.70 m)
Projected 100 year Flood Level (6.70 m)
U
V
7
U
V
845
U
V
177
U
V
102
Goose
C
r
e
ek
Davie
s
Brook
Milli
gan Brook
R
a
n
c
l
if
f
e
Cree
k
H
u
e
son Brook
He
n
der
s
on B
r
ook
Do
w
lin
g
B
rook
Sanders Bro
ok
St
r
a
i
ght Brook
Liv
i
ngst
o
n
B
rook
Britta
i
n St
r
ea
m
H
a
s
t
y
Brook
Scott
B
ro
o
k
Ec
h
o Val
le
y
Brook
Brittai
n
s C
r
e
e
k
B
lac
k
B
ro
ok
C
unni
n
gh
a
m
C
reek
Saint
John
River
Nere
pi
s
Rive
r
L
och Alva
TOWN OF GRAND BAY WESTFIELD
FOREST FIRE RISK
0
750
1,500
375
Meters
²
MAP DRAWING INFORMATION: ESRI, DIGITALGLOBE, GEOEYE, EATHSTAR
GEOGRAPHICS, CNES/AIRBUS DS, USDA, USGS,AEROGRID, IGN,
AND THE GIS USER COMMUNITY
DATA PROVIDED BY: GEONB, GOVERNMENT OF CANADA
MAP CREATED BY: KCE
MAP CHECKED BY: JAB
MAP PROJECTION: NAD 1983 CSRS NEW BRUNSWICK STEREOGRAPHIC
FILE LOCATION: E:\Shared drives\202437_GBW_Flood_Mapping\202437_Grand_Bay_Flood_Mapping\data_maps\mxds\CCAP_MAPS\203070_GB_Forest_Fire_Risk_20201126.mxd
PROJECT: 20-3070
STATUS: DRAFT
DATE: 2020-11-30
Mature Forest Stands (Potential Forest Fire Hazard) - NBERD Survey
Town Boundary
Utility Corridor
Watercourse
Street
Highway
Railway
Waterbodies
CLIENT LOGO
Service Layer Credits: Source: Esri, Maxar, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community
SCALE 1:54,000
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
Nerepis
Ketepec
Ingleside
Public Landing
Hardings Point
Westfield Centre
Grand Bay-Westfield
Utility Corridor Fire Break
U
V
7
U
V
177
U
V
845
U
V
102
WESTFIELD
Road
CAMPBELL Road
WOOLASTOOK
Drive
COL. NASE
Boulevard
HIGHLAND
Road
KINGDOM Road
HILLANDALE
Drive
ROUND
LAKE
Road
HENDERSON LAKE Road
SUNSET
VALLEY
Road
CARTERS
POINT
Road
Davie
s
Brook
Mi
l
liga
n
Brook
Hu
eso
n
B
ro
o
k
He
n
der
s
on Br
ook
Do
w
lin
g
B
rook
San
d
er
s
Brook
St
r
a
i
ght Brook
L
ivings
t
on B
r
o
o
k
Britta
i
n St
r
ea
m
H
a
s
t
y Broo
k
S
c
ot
t
Bro
o
k
Ech
o Val
l
ey
Brook
B
rittain
s C
r
e
e
k
Cunningh
a
m
C
reek
Carters Point
Days
Landing
Epworth Park
Grand Bay
Grand
Bay-Westfield
Ingleside Heights
Lands End
Martinon
Morna
Sagwa
Westfield
Williams Lake
Compton Lake
Calvin Lake
West Lake
Days Lake
Smith Lake
Mathers Lake
Stevens Lake
Henderson Lake
Longs
Lake
ribou
Lake
West Lake
brador
Lake
Round Lake
Loch
Alva
Nelson Lake
Belvidere Lake
Turtle
Lake
Ogden Lake
Robin
Hood
Lake
Little John Lake
Corankapoon Lake
Capple
Lake
ird Hasty Lake
TOWN OF GRAND BAY WESTFIELD
TOPOGRAPHY
075150
37.5
Meters
²
MAP DRAWING INFORMATION: ESRI, DIGITALGLOBE, GEOEYE, EATHSTAR
GEOGRAPHICS, CNES/AIRBUS DS, USDA, USGS,AEROGRID, IGN,
AND THE GIS USER COMMUNITY
DATA PROVIDED BY: GEONB, GOVERNMENT OF CANADA
MAP CREATED BY: KCE
MAP CHECKED BY: JAB
MAP PROJECTION: NAD 1983 CSRS NEW BRUNSWICK STEREOGRAPHIC
FILE LOCATION: E:\Shared drives\202437_GBW_Flood_Mapping\202437_Grand_Bay_Flood_Mapping\data_maps\mxds\CCAP_MAPS\203070_GBW_Topo_Town_Bdy_20201130.mxd
PROJECT: 20-2437
STATUS: DRAFT
DATE: 2020-11-30
Storm Sewer
Town Boundary
Watercourse
Street
Highway
Railway
Waterbodies
CLIENT LOGO
Service Layer Credits: Source: Esri, Maxar, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community
SCALE 1:54,112
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Nerepis
Ketepec
Ingleside
Public Landing
Hardings Point
Westfield Centre
Grand Bay-Westfield
Percent Slope
0 - 3
3 - 6
6 - 9
9 - 12
12 - 15
15 - 30
30 - 50
50 +
C - 1
Appendix C
Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Community Climate Change Adaptation Plan - Final
Report
March 2021
D SpaƟal Assessment Results
Infrastructure
Civic Address
Core Service
Spatial Asessment
Rating
Impact/ Rationale
Transportation Assets
Hazel Street
Transportation
Partial - functional
Moderate
Spruce Street
Transportation
Partial - functional
Moderate
Beach Road
Transportation
Partial - functional
Moderate
Brandy Point Road
Transportation
Partial - non functional
High
Riverside Park
Transportation
Complete - non functional
High
The street can be covered in water in almost any spring season. Deep ponding at a number of points.
Ferry Road
Transportation
Partial - functional
Moderate
Nerepis Road
Transportation
Partial - non functional
High
Rock is placed every year to raise the road between Westfield School and 159 Nerepis Rd.
Hammond Road
Transportation
Partial - functional
Moderate
Westfield Crescent
Transportation
Partial - functional
Moderate
Woolastook Dr
Transportation
Partial - functional
Moderate
Rock is placed durring high flood events.
Station St
Transportation
Partial - functional
Moderate
This road and the on-ramp to the bridge was raised to the bridge's elevation after the 2018 flood event.
Flood water can reach the guardrail, therefore road may be closed due to safety reasons.
Brittain Road
Transportation
Partial - non functional
High
Part of the road is completely flooded.
Nerepis Road Bridge
Transportation
Partial - functional
Moderate
Shoulder of the bridge and onramp has washed out.
Shannon Road
Transportation
Partial - functional
Moderate
Ferry
Transportation
Partial - functional
Moderate
Cable ferry is impacted by low/high water levels. In flood conditions they will import fill material to build
up cable slab.
NB Southern Railroad
Along St. John River
Transportation
Partially Inside (case-by-case)
High
Community Structures
Brundage Point River Center (including VIC
and storage)
4 Ferry Rd.
Recreation
Inside
High
The River Centre floods every year but the community is equipped to sandbag and pump water. Some
repairs are completed every year in the crawl space.
Fire Station #2
293 Nerepis Rd.
Fire
Close to
Moderate
Access to the town from the fire station could be delayed due to road being flooded.
Storage Garage
150 Nerepis Rd.
Sewage
Inside / Close to
High
Floods every year but equipment is moved out of facility ahead of floods.
Water, Wastewater, Storm Assets
Water Supply Pump House #1
27 Morning Side Cr.
Water
Close to
Moderate
Connected to well - could be impacted by drought conditions.
Water Supply Pump House #2
35 Westfield Cr.
Water
Inside
High
The building was not impacted in past flood levels but is deemed within projected flood elevations.
Grinder Pump No.1
Brooker Lane
Sewage
Inside / Close to
High
Impacts related to contaminant released into water stream if it becomes flooded
Grinder Pump No.3
Hazel Street
Sewage
Close to
Moderate
Grinder Pump No.6
Ash Glen Lane
Sewage
Close to
Moderate
Grinder Pump No.8
South Street
Sewage
Close to
Moderate
Grinder Pump No.9George Street and Ella Lane
Sewage
Close to
Moderate
Grinder Pump No. 10
River Street
Sewage
Close to
Moderate
flooding events
Grinder Pump No. 11
River Street
Sewage
Close to
Moderate
flooding events
Grinder Pump No.12
River Street
Sewage
Close to
Moderate
flooding events
Grinder Pump No.13
Points Road
Sewage
Close to
Moderate
Grinder Pump No.16
Young Street
Sewage
Close to
Moderate
Grinder Pump No.17
Irvine Lane
Sewage
Close to
Moderate
S.L.S No.2
Kenwood Drive
Sewage
Close to
Moderate
S.L.S No.3George Street and Ella Lane
Sewage
Close to
Moderate
S.L.S No.6
Inglewood and Brandy
Sewage
Close to
Moderate
S.L.S No.7
Brandy Point Road
Sewage
Close to
Moderate
S.L.S No.8
Young Street
Sewage
Close to
Moderate
S.L.S No.10
Riverside Park Drive
Sewage
Inside / Close to
High
flooding events
Wastewater Treatment Plant
33 Shannon Road
Sewage
Inside / Close to
High
elevations.
Roadways
Bridge
Spatial Assessment Results
D - 1
Appendix D
Town of Grand Bay-Westfield
Community Climate Change Adaptation Plan - Final
Report
March 2021
E AdaptaƟons and RecommendaƟons
Adaptations and Recommendations
Infrastructure
Hazard
Vulnerability
Projected Risk
Score (2080s)
Risk Rating
Adaptation Measures
Recommendations
High Temperatures/Drought
Conditions
Premature deterioration due to rutting of asphalt
surfaces under high heat and UV exposure
14
Moderate
Continue to complete yearly roadway inspections currently conducted by the
Town's consulting engineers
Establish QA/QC measures during asphalt installation to help reduce premature
deterioration of asphalt surfaces
Flooding
Riverine flooding greatly impacts roadways, potentially
blocking access to neighbourhood and critical
infrastructure
Spatial
High
Permanently raise the roads as required (i.e. Brandy Point Road,
Riverside Park Drive, Nerepis Road, Shannon Road)
Gravel or Natural Pedestrian
Trails
Freezing Rain/Freeze-Thaw
Cycles
Premature deterioration due to hardening of asphalt
surfaces or frost heaving
16
Moderate
Continue to complete yearly roadway inspections currently conducted by the
Town's consulting engineers
Review expected snowfall and de-icing procedures ahead of issuing the yearly
Snow Control tender. Changes to be considered may include modifying the type of
de-icer used with less corrosive agents
Culverts and Catch Basins
Heavy Precipitation
Heavy rainfall can cause the system to become
overwhelmed leading to localized flooding
16
Moderate
Continue to complete on-site inspections of culverts/ drainage ditches before
and after heavy rainfall events
Culverts and Catch Basins
Heavy Precipitation
Culverts can become overwhelmed potentially leading
to backups or overflows
16
Moderate
Improve storm water conveyance through the use of green
infrastructure to increase water infiltration and slow surface flow.
These can include: Buffer strips & hedges; Rain gardens; Retention
ponds
Sewage Lift Stations
Heavy Precipitation
Lift stations become overwhelmed potentially leading
to sewage backup in homes or emergency overflow.
I&I concerns at connection points
24
Moderate
Improve storm water conveyance through the use of green
infrastructure to increase water infiltration and slow surface flow.
These can include: Buffer strips & hedges; Rain gardens; Retention
ponds
Sewage Lift Stations
Flooding
Riverine flooding greatly impacts lift stations near the
river, potentially causing overflow issues and public
and environmental health concerns
Spatial
High
Lift Stations #7 & #10 - Permanently raise (electrical components) or
reconfigure the Lift Stations;
Sewage Lift Stations
Flooding
Possible damage to electrical components of pump
stations can impact use and cause damage
Spatial
High
Raise electrical components within lift stations as required above high
flood extents
Water Supply Pump House #2
Flooding
Possible damage to electrical components of pump
stations can impact use and cause damage
Spatial
High
Raise electrical components as required above high flood extents
Wastewater Lagoon
Flooding
Flood events can overwhelm the berm and
compromise the wastewater treatment process
Spatial
High
Heighten and strengthen berm around lagoon as required to prevent
breach in high flood events
Roof (Shingles)
High Temperatures/Drought
Conditions
Sun (UV) exposure leading to premature deterioration
of shingles
14
Moderate
Explore alternative roofing materials or UV protective coating on a case by case
basis where roofing change is needed while continuing to manage with existing
measures
Storage Garage
Flooding
Structures are highly susceptible to flooding
Spatial
High
Brundage Point River Center
Flooding
Structures are highly susceptible to flooding
Spatial
High
Protect River Center against high flood events (e.g. barricades,
pumping out basement)
Brundage Point River Center
Flooding
Riverine flooding greatly impacts roadways, potentially
blocking access to neighbourhood and critical
infrastructure
Spatial
High
Preventative Zoning and Permitting which can include: Revision of
future land use plans with flood extents, and setting minimum building
elevation for new construction
Brundage Point River Center
(Including VIC and Storage)
High Temperatures/ Drought
Conditions
Town has yet to have a dedicated cooling/warming
center
Qualitative
High
Acquire generators for the river centre to function as a
cooling/warming center
Transportation Assets
Asphalt Roadways and Parking
Lots
Water, Wastewater, Stormwater Assets
Low priority - Manage with existing measures
Community Structures
Community Elements
Adaptations and Recommendations
Infrastructure
Hazard
Vulnerability
Projected Risk
Score (2080s)
Risk Rating
Adaptation Measures
Recommendations
Power/Communication Lines
Freezing Rain (+ High Wind
Gusts)
Downed lines/poles from ice accretion or debris
blowing onto structure
24
Moderate
Review building electricity needs and update EMO Plan to capture large scale
power outage events as part of ongoing operational improvements
General Community
Flooding
Flooding will have a great impact on development and
zoning as it is expected that the flood extents might
continue to encroach inland with time
Spatial
High
Building up vacant land to meet the latest minimum building
elevation recommendation to capitalize on the number of vacant lots
that are in the 100 year flood extents
General Community
High Temperatures/ Drought
Conditions
High heat exposure can pose health and safety risks to
vulnerable populations
Qualitative
Moderate
Install shading structures in strategic public locations (e.g. bus stops)
to minimize the impact of heat exposure
General Community
High Temperatures/ Drought
Conditions
The increased domestic water usage from new
developments and the decrease in groundwater
recharge during dry seasons can strain the Town's
water supply
Qualitative
Moderate
Develop public water infrastructure for Colonel Nase Boulevard and
other residential intensification areas
Community Elements