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TRAILS MASTER PLAN
Town of Grand Bay - Westfield
January 2026
Ancestral Acknowledgement
The land on which we gather is the traditional territory of the
Wolastoqiyik, Wəlastəkewiyik / Maliseet whose ancestors
along with the Mi'Kmaq / Mi'kmaw and Passamaquoddy /
Peskotomuhkati Tribes / Nations signed Peace and Friendship
Treaties with the British Crown in the 1700s.
iv
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction
1
1.1 Report Structure
2
2.0 Planning Context
3
2.1 Community Demographics
3
2.2 Spatial Overview of the Population Demographics
9
3.0 Trail Development Standards and Leading Practices 16
3.1 Community Case Studies
34
4.0 Current Trail Network in Grand Bay - Westfield
37
4.1 Current Trails and Pathways
37
4.2 Community Insights
41
5.0 Vision and Principles
42
5.1 Vision Statement
42
5.2 Guiding Principles
43
v
6.0 A Path Forward: Strategies and Recommendations 44
Theme 1: Trail Network Expansion and Connectivity
45
Theme 2: Accessibility and Universal Design
46
Theme 3 Maintenance, Sustainability, and Trail Quality
48
Theme 4 Wayfinding, Signage, and Trail Information
50
Theme 5 Community Engagement and Partnerships
52
Theme 6 Diversity of Trail Experiences and Activities
54
Theme 7 Environmental Stewardship and Climate Resilience
56
7.0 Implementation and Conclusion
58
7.1 Implementation Priorities
60
7.2 Monitoring and Evaluation
61
Appendix A - Trail Classification
63
Appendix B - Example Trail Management Objective Form
and Data Structure
65
Appendix C - Implementation Actions
68
1
Section 1
Introduction
The Town of Grand Bay - Westfield a steadfast commitment to preserving its natural environment,
strong sense of place, and high quality of life. To further this position and to ensure the community
remains a desirable place in which to live, work, and play well into the future, the Town has
committed to providing high-quality recreation infrastructure and community services for its
residents. This is evident in the significant investment already made in public facilities and in
community, recreation and active transportation planning.
The community's trails are another of its strongest assets and provide residents and visitors with
access to picturesque landscapes and outstanding nature-based and outdoor experiences. As
such, the Town has identified expansion and development of its trail network as a priority. A planned
and thoughtful approach to trail development is needed, however, to ensure that the desire to enjoy
the community's incredible landscapes and ecologically sensitive areas is carefully balanced with
the need to protect them. We must avoid doing anything that inadvertently takes away from the
very qualities we love about these spaces and ensure that they remain protected and enjoyable for
future generations.
The purpose of this plan will be to develop a road map or guiding document for the future
development, improvement, and enhancement of the trail network in Grand Bay - Westfield
over time. It also provides a framework for future investment in the trail network by ensuring that
funding is allocated where most beneficial to the community and its residents. And, perhaps most
importantly, it defines a vision for trail development that protects and enhances the cherished
landscapes of Grand Bay - Westfield well into the future.
2
1.1 Report Structure
Introduction
Town of Grand
Bay-Westfield
Trails Master
Plan
Planning
Context
Trail
Development
Standards and
Leading
Practices
Current Trail
Network in
Vision and
Principles
Implementation
and Conclusion
A Path Forward:
Strategies and
Recommendations
Trail Network in
Grand Bay -
Westfield
3
Section 2
Planning Context
2.1 Community Demographics
Grand Bay Westfield is in Southwestern New
Brunswick along the Wolastoq (Saint John River)
on the traditional lands of the Wolastoqey.
The lands of Wabanaki (WAH-BAH-NAH-KEE)
people are recognized in a series of Peace and
Friendship Treaties to establish an ongoing
relationship of peace, friendship and mutual
respect between equal nations . This growing
community is the gateway to the Lower Saint
John River Valley and offers the best of rural
and urban New Brunswick with its proximity to
Saint John .
Grand Bay-Westfield offers something for
everyone from enjoying nature through
walking, hiking and cycling trails, enjoying
parks, river access and parks, to participating
in recreational activities such as golf, pickle
ball and other sport court and field activities,
to enjoying shopping and dining experiences
throughout Town. Grand Bay-Westfield is
a vibrant and diverse community nestled in
nature.
On January 1, 2023, as part of the provincial
local governance reform, Grand Bay-Westfield
adopted new town boundaries to include the
former Town of Grand Bay-Westfield (Ward
1) and a portion of the Local Service District of
Westfield West (Ward 2).
Population and Demographics Overview
The Grand Bay Westfield has a population of
5,866 (Ward 1 and 2)i. The census data that our
analysis is based off is from 2021. Therefore,
the statistics included in this section are based
off the original Town boundaries of Grand
Bay-Westfield (Ward 1), population 5,090.
The following section outlines population
trends and statistics outline how demographic
characteristics can impact parks and recreation
participation in the community.
4
Population and Future Growth
The population trends for Grand Bay-Westfield from 2001- 2021 examine the population change
over the last several census periods. Over the last 20 years the population has remained stable with
small increases and decreases. The median age of the population has increased but is still similar
to the median age for the province. When looking at the population breakdown by age, Grand
Bay-Westfield has a slightly higher proportion of people aged 0-14 (2% more) and slightly less 20-29
year olds (2% less) compared to province. Overall, the proportion of the population of Grand Bay-
Westfield is very similar to that of New Brunswick.
Table 1. Grand Bay West Field Population Trends 2001 - 2021
Census Year
2001
2006
2011
2016
2021
Population
4,949
4981
5117
4964
4967
Median Age
38.4
40.7
42.4
44.3
45.2
Source: Statistics Canada, Census 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016, 2021
Table 2. Age Characteristics
Age Range (years)
Proportion of the Population in
Grand Bay Westfield
Proportion of the Population of
New Brunswick
0-14
16%
14%
15-19
6%
5%
20-29
9%
11%
30-39
12%
11%
40-49
14%
13%
50-59
15%
15%
60-69
15%
15%
70-79
9%
10%
80+
4%
5%
Average Household Size
2.5
2.3
Median Age
45.2
46.8
Average Age
43.2
44.7
Source: Statistics Canada, Census 2021
5
Projected Population Trends
The Town of Grand Bay-Westfield is projected to maintain a similar population compared to the
last 10 years. In 2024, the population was 5,090 (Ward 1 only), 5,866 (Ward 1 and 2), the projections
suggest that the population will peak in 2025 and then decrease over the next 20 years. This is
illustrated in the graph below.
Trends Population
5,100
4,750
5,050
5,000
4,950
4,900
4,850
4,800
ESRI Population and Key Indicators, 2025
Employment and Income
In Grand Bay-Westfield, the average household
income is $122,577 and the median household
income is $103,882. The unemployment rate
is 4.9%, which is lower than in 2019 when the
unemployment rate was 6.3%. The top four
industries in Grand Bay-Westfield include
health care and social assistance (16.8%), public
administration (10.2%), retail trade (9.0%) and
manufacturing (8.1%). When looking at the
main mode of transportation to get to work,
89.8% of the employed population used a
personal vehicle. In Grand Bay-Westfield, 1.5%
of the population makes below $20,000 and
the largest income bracket for the employed
population at 16.9% is $40,000-$59,999.
Household Income
$200,000+
$20,000-$39,999
$0-$19,999
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
$150,000-$1999,999
$125,000-$149,999
$100,000-$124,999
80,000-$99,999
$60,000-$79,999
$40,000-$59,999
Image Source: ESRI Target Market Profile Report,
2025
6
Education
When looking at the highest level of education
obtained by residents in Saint Andrews most
of the population has taken part in higher
education (58%). 22% of the population has a
university degree, 36% have a college or trades
degree, 30% have obtained a high school
diploma and 12% of the population does not
have a high school diploma.
12%
30%
36%
22%
No High School
High School
College and Trades
University Degree
Data Source: ESRI Community Demographics
Report, 2025
Health
The New Brunswick Health Council has collected data based on the Population Health Model that is
based on the six indicators of population health; demographic context, physical environment, health
behaviours, social and economic factors, health services and health outcomes. This report provides
a comprehensive understanding of the people who make up the communities and workforce in the
province. The data for Grand Bay-Westfield is from Health Zone 2: Fundy Shore and Saint John Area,
under the community cluster of Grand Bay-Westfield, Westfield and Greenwich area. The following
provides key insights :
- For physical activity, children (32.0%) and
youth (24.9%) participate in 60 minutes
per day of moderate or vigorous intensity
physical activity over the last 7 days.
Continually, adults (56.1%) and seniors
(52.0%) participate in at least two and a
half hours of moderate or vigorous physical
activity per week.
- 62.4% of youth volunteer outside of school.
- 94.4% of the community cluster has access
to a primary care provider, with 91.4%
having a family doctor.
- Youth have symptoms of depression (42.1%)
and anxiety (51.4%) but have also been
found to have a moderate to high level of
mental fitness (having a positive sense of
how they feel, think and act) of 79.4% and
pro-social behaviours (86.9%).
- For good or excellent perceived mental
health for adults (50.1%), seniors (55.7%) and
perceived overall health adults (44.5%),
seniors (32.6%).
- Children (27%), youth (34.5%), adults and
seniors (29%) were found to be overweight
or obese.
7
The Gini Coefficient
The Gini Coefficient is a Statistics Canada
measurement of inequality based on income,
wealth or consumption across a given
population. The measurement is on a scale
of 0 to 1, the higher values indicates that a
larger inequality exists. If the value was 0, it
would indicate that there is no inequality, and
everyone has the same income as an example.
Saint Andrews's Gini Index score indicates
similar income equality distribution when
compared to its neighbours and the province.
Below are the Gini index scores based on
adjusted household after-tax income from the
2021 Census:
- Grand Bay Westfield's Gini Index Score:
0.234
- Oromocto's Gini Index Score: 0.200
- Fredericton's Gini Index Score: 0.287
- Quispamsis's Gini Index Score: 0.257
- Rothesay's Gini Index Score: 0.312
- Saint John's Gini Index Score: 0.287
- New Brunswick's Gini Index Score: 0.272
Additional 'Big Data' Insights into Parks and
Recreation Demands and Preferences
Demands and expectations for parks and
recreation services is strongly influenced by
the life stage of person(s) within a household
as well as a variety of other demographic
indicators and characteristics. The emergence
of analytics tools and resources can help parks
and recreation providers to better understand
the cultural landscape and desires of the
community and how they influence the need
and wants for programming, facilities and
events.
Environics Analytics PRIZM is a segmentation
system that classifies Canada's Neighbourhoods
into 67 unique lifestyle types. This unique
tool incorporates data from over a dozen
demographic, marketing, and media sources to
analyze and understand consumers, customers,
and markets. The segmentation summary for
Grand Bay Westfield indicates that the three
largest segments of the population are:
- "Country Traditions" (57.0% of all
households)
- "Happy Medium" (16.8% of households)
- "Old Town Roads" (5.7% of households)
8
Country Traditions
- This segment is the second most affluent rural segment and consists mostly of
middle-aged and older couples and families who work blue collar and service
sector jobs, with upper middle incomes.
- Nearly 95% of this segment live in single detached homes.
- Common leisure pursuits of these rural families enjoy including gardening,
boating and swimming. This segment enjoys recreating in the woodlands
and lakes with gear such as ATVs, power boats, campers and fishing/hunting
equipment or spending time at their vacation cottage or land relaxing.
- This segment often seeks the outdoors as a way to reenergize.
- Country traditions are rugged individualists, who are self-reliant, have National
Pride, respect authority but strive to have personal control over their lives.
Happy Medium
- This segment consists of couples and families living in the outer suburbs of
large and midsize cities and hosts a mix of middle-income households with
a variety of ages, educations and family types. 90% of residents rely on their
vehicles for commuting to work.
- 80% of Happy Medium own a home, mostly single detached.
- This segment enjoys home based leisure pursuits such as sewing/knitting,
birdwatching, making crafts and woodworking, as well as ATV/snowmobiling,
community theatres and craft shows.
- Happy Medium residents are devoted to their local communities and politically
engaged, have a strong work ethic, budget conscious and connected to their
local communities and family.
Old Town Roads
- This segment is comprised of old folks who gravitate to a relaxed lifestyle in
rustic towns where seniors are looking to age in place.
- Old Town Roads is a mix of older single, empty nest couples and widowed
individuals. Most live in mobile homes or rent low-rise apartments.
- Leisure pursuits consist of time-honoured and outdoor-oriented leisure pursuits
like fishing, hunting, gardening and attending country music concerts and
community theatres.
- This segment enjoys the disorder of rural living and little use for formality,
generally have conservative social views but a growing acceptance for others.
26
43
41
9
2.2 Spatial Overview of the Population
Demographics
The following maps reflect the spatial analysis undertaken by the project team to better understand
how these spatial characteristics may impact parks and recreation services and needs.
Map 1: Study Area
The following map illustrates the planning area for the Town of Grand Bay Westfield
10
Map 2: Population Density Map
An important component for understanding the needs and demands of residents is understanding
community composition in the Town, this can assist in determining priorities for investment in facilities
and spaces as well as programming and service development. The following maps provides insight
into community demographics.
Maps three (3) and four (4) highlights the areas of population density, areas shaded in yellow and
red have a higher population density compared to areas in shades of grey.
11
Map 3: Youth (0 - 14 yrs) Population Density Map
12
Map 4: Senior (65 + yrs) Population Density Map
13
Map 5: Youth Senior Bi-variate Analysis Map
14
Map 6: Multiple Deprivation Index
Equity is the acknowledgement that individual
rights and opportunities are fundamental and
not dependent on identity. It relates to the
effort to understand and provide the different
levels of support people need to enjoy full,
healthy lives. Therefore, as it relates to the public
investment in recreation, equity ensures that
everyone receives the appropriate investment
based on their individual or unique needs. Some
communities, geographic and social, need more
investment because they have been historically
underserved.
It is important for the purposes of this study, to
understand inequities that may exist throughout
the Town. The Canadian Index of Multiple
Deprivation data set developed by Statistics
Canada was analyzed to understand equity in
Grand Bay - Westfield. The Canadian Index of
Multiple Deprivation allows for an understanding
of inequalities through various measures of social
well-being, including health, education, housing,
income and justice. There are four dimensions
of multiple deprivation and their corresponding
indicators, the following figure can be applied to
the Atlantic Region.
Ethno-cultural
Composition
Economic
Dependency
Residential
Instability²
Situational
vulnerability
Proportion of the
population
which are recent
immigrants
Proportion of
population that
is foreign-born
Proportion of the
population
self-identified as
visible minority
Proportion of
population with
no knowledge of
either official
language
(linguistic
isolation)
Dependency
ratio (population
aged 0-14 and
population aged
65 and older
divided by
population aged
15-64)
Proportion of
population
participating in
the labour force
(aged 15 and
older)¹
Ratio of
employment to
population¹
Proportion of the
population who
are aged 65 and
Average number
of persons per
dwelling
Proportion of
persons living
alone
Proportion of
population that
are youth (aged
5-15)
Proportion of
children younger
than age 6
Proportion of
single-parent
families
Proportion of the
population
identified as
Indigenous
Proportion of
homes needing
major repairs
Proportion of
population that
is self-employed
Median dollar
value of
dwelling¹
1 This indicator was reverse-coded, meaning it was coded opposite of the measure. For example, proportion of the population that is married or
common-law becomes proportion of population that is single, divorced, separated or widowed.
2 The scores for this dimension were reverse-coded, meaning that the order of the scores was reversed, so that higher scores indicate higher
residential instability and lower scores indicate lower residential instability.
Note: The Atlantic region includes the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. The
dimensions are ordered such that the dimension on the left explains the highest percentage of the variance of the data and the dimension on
the right explains the lowest percentage.
Image Source, Statistics Canada, 2025
15
The map below illustrates the analysis of the Town; areas in red indicate areas of higher deprivation
relative to other areas in the Town. These areas may warrant additional attention and potential
investment to address the unique barriers residents in these areas may face to engage in active
living.
16
Section 3
Trail Development Standards
and Leading Practices
A well-defined trail system is essential for creating safe, enjoyable, and sustainable outdoor
experiences. Clear definitions of trails and trail experiences help land managers, planners, and users
align expectations. Trans Canada Trail (TCT) is a nationwide trail system spanning 28,000 km from
coast to coast. The TCT is not only an incredible trail network but a leader in the trail sphere, paving
a path forward for others to follow in their footsteps. In doing so, the TCT has created and compiled
a variety of guides, resources, and tools to support and protect Canada's trails. By establishing
a standardized approach to trail classification, TCT supports informed decision-making for both
operators and visitors1.
A trail is infrastructure, purposely designed for one or more recreation activities, or active
transportation. It must meet the following criteria to be classified as a designated trail2:
- Approved by the landowner.
- Mapped and marked with signage.
- Trails and associated infrastructure are actively maintained and managed by trail operator(s).
1
Trans Canada Trail. (2021). National Guidelines for Classifying Multi-Use Trails in Canada.
https://tctrail.ca/national-guidelines-webinars/
2 Trans Canada Trail. (2021). National Guidelines for Classifying Multi-Use Trails in Canada.
https://tctrail.ca/national-guidelines-webinars/
17
Trail experiences are shaped by various factors that influence how users interact with and perceive
a trail. A well-designed trail offers opportunities for different types of recreation while ensuring
safety, accessibility, and enjoyment. TCT provides trail managers with guidelines to support creating
trail experiences. Key elements that define a trail experience include users being able to engage in
their desired3:
- Trail activity,
- Level of challenge,
- Recreation setting,
- Natural region.
Providing clear and accurate trail information before and during a visit is essential for ensuring
positive trail experiences. When users have access to well-communicated details about trail
characteristics, they can select trails that align with their expectations, skill levels, and interests. ]4
3 Trans Canada Trail. (2021). National Guidelines for Classifying Multi-Use Trails in Canada.
https://tctrail.ca/national-guidelines-webinars/
4 Trans Canada Trail. (2021). National Guidelines for Classifying Multi-Use Trails in Canada.
https://tctrail.ca/national-guidelines-webinars/
18
To support this, TCT has developed a Trail Experience Typology, a proposed classification system
that standardizes how trail experiences are described. This typology helps unify communication
among stakeholders and allows users to make informed decisions about which trails best suit their
needs. Each typology reflects a different level of trail, with the initiative to create a What's Your Trail
Type online tool that creates a consistent trail classification system for Canada. Table X provides an
overview of the TCT Trail Typologies, for an in-depth look please refer the National Guidelines for
Classifying Multi-Use Trails in Canada report. 5
Table 3. Graphics. Trail Typology.
Trail Typology
Strolls
- Easy-moderate distance.
- Well-marked, easy navigation.
- No-modest elevation gain.
- Little to no planning required.
- Easy to access, full range of amenities.
- Visitors less interest in physical challenge.
Excursions
- Moderate distance for beginners and intermediate visitors.
- Well-marked, some navigation required.
- Pre-trip planning required.
- Diverse terrain, higher difficulty and specialized equipment might be
needed for user safety.
- Rudimentary comfort and convenience amenities.
Epics
- Moderate-long distance for intermediate to expert visitors.
- Multi-day and extended trip trails.
- Physically, mentally and technically challenging trails/terrain.
- Navigation required, harder to access trails.
- May not have any comfort and convenience amenities.
5 Trans Canada Trail. (2021). National Guidelines for Classifying Multi-Use Trails in Canada.
https://
tctrail.ca/national-guidelines-webinars/
19
Figure 1 Elements of a Trail Experience
6 Trans Canada Trail. (2021). National Guidelines for Classifying Multi-Use Trails in Canada.
https://tctrail.ca/national-guidelines-webinars/
Building on the foundations of trails and trail
experiences, TCT emphasizes the importance of
trail classification in developing and enhancing
existing trail networks. In its, National Guidelines
for Classifying Multi-Use Trails in Canada, TCT
introduces a visitor-centric approach to trail
classification. It shifts away from traditional
prescriptive models which often failed to
capture the full range of trail experiences.
Instead, the TCT has moved towards
approaching trail classification as an adaptive
process that prioritizes visitor needs and desired
experiences. Trail classification is the first step
in TCT's three-step process and consists of eight
key elements that define trail conditions (please
refer to Figure 2).
From the start, trail operators are encouraged
to make decisions on each element that
best reflect their intended and desired trail
conditions. A fundamental part of this process
is the Trail Management Objective (Appendix
A), which is a tool used by trail operators
to document clear, concise management
intentions for the trail and guide future
planning, maintenance, design, construction
and management decisions.
Ultimately, a trail's main purpose is to provide
high-quality and sustainable visitor experiences.
TCT's comprehensive trail classification system
helps to describe, and document intended
characteristics of trails. It puts visitors at the core
and provides answers to common questions
asked by trail operators, builders, visitors and
the trail tourism ecosystem.6
Trail Tourism Ecosystem: A dynamic,
interconnected ecosystem of organizations
involved in planning, design and
management of trails. Recognized in
the importance of contributing towards
successful trail destinations, and includes
stakeholders such as land managers, near
trail attractions, and destination marketers.
20
Figure 2 Trail Classification Process and 8 elements of trail classification
21
Figure 3 Trail Classification Process and 8 elements of trail classification
Season
- Summer
- Winter
- All Season
Mode of
Travel
- Non-
motorized
- Motorized
(Only
non-TCT
segments)
- Mixed Use
Type of
Use
- Single Use
- Multi-Use
- Activity
Optimized
Activity
Type(s)
- Select from
List
Level of
Challenge
- Easiest
- More Difficult
- Very Difficulty
- Extremely
Difficult
Prepared-
ness
- Standard
- Enhanced
Design
Parameter
Selection
- Select based
on activities
with highest
design needs
Level of
Develop-
ment
- Developed
- Moderately
Developed
- Minimally
Developed
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Select One
Select One
Select One
or Multiple
Photos from: www.facebook.com/towngbw
22
Trans Canada Trail provides a variety of up-to-date guides, resources and tools with the aim in
creating national consistency for multi-use trail standards. The following, Table X, highlights overall
TCT standards with associated guides for best practices when it comes to trail development and
ongoing maintenance:
Table 4. TCT Standards and Guides Overview
TCT Standards
Overview
Guidelines and Resources
Trail Classification
and Design
- Emphasizes visitor experience at
the centre of the trail classification
process.
- 8 design parameters. Please refer to
Appendix A.
- National Guidelines for
Classifying Multi-Use Trails
in Canada.
Accessibility and
Inclusivity
- Inclusivity for all to have a variety of
trail experiences.
- Firm trail surface, accessible
infrastructure, navigational tools,
and experiential features (neuro-
inclusive).
- Guidelines for Planning
and Designing All Persons
Trails.
- Resources for an Inclusive
Trail Sector.
- Indigenous Reconciliation.
Sustainability and
Maintenance
- Prioritizing trails designed with
longevity and sustainability in mind.
- Sustainable trails reduce
maintenance costs and
environmental impacts.
- Trail Development & Life
Cycle Costing Tool.
- Tree Planting Resource
Guide.
Safety and Signage
- Key for impactful and positive user
experiences.
- Consistent and effective signage
creates quality trail networks and
keeps users safe.
- Signage Best Practices
Guidelines.
Compliance with
Standards and
Legislation
- Trail operators need to understand
and adhere to local, regional and
national legal requirements.
- Accessibility Standards
and Legislation.
23
Accessibility
7 Trans Canada Trail. (2023). All Persons Trails. https://tctrail.ca/allpersonstrails/?_
gl=1*1091csv*_up*MQ..*_ga*NzA1ODEzOTEuMTczODg2ODQ3Mg..*_ga_
Z63TFVPQJ6*MTczODg2ODQ3MS4xLjAuMTczODg2ODQ3MS4wLjAuMTkyMzMwMjA2OA
8 Government of Canada. (2022). Federal Disability Reference Guide. https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-
development/programs/disability/arc/reference-guide.html
Thoughtful planning and trail design ensures
that people of all abilities and ages can safely
enjoy outdoor spaces in their communitas.
Today, accessibility recognizes a wide spectrum
needs, from neurodivergence to mobility, visual
and hearing impairments. As well, it accounts
for permanent, temporary and situational
challenges that people may face throughout
their lifetime. Accessible trails promote inclusion,
enhances overall user experience and increases
community engagement in natural spaces.7,8
When developing or enhancing trail
infrastructure for diverse abilities it is important
to follow Universal Design Standards (UDS).
These built environment standards follow seven
principles from equitable use, flexibility, simple
and intuitive design, to accessible information,
low physical effort as well as appropriate
size and space for ease of use by all. TCT has
a set of guidelines for trail developers which
emphasizes All Persons Trails. This considers the
whole user experience from pre-trail planning
with accessible information available before
arrival to trail navigation and facilities guided by
universal design principles.
24
Key components for developing All Persons
Trails include: 9,10
- Distance: looped trails connecting a variety
of features to avoid having to turn back.
- Terrain: firm and stable surfaces that
require minimal maintenance or have
a maintenance plan in place to avoid
obstacles such as cracks, holes and bumps.
Examples include rubber, compacted
crushed aggregate, horizontal wooden
planks and asphalt.
- Grade: less is best when it comes to slopes,
planning for no greater than 5%. If the
nature of terrain does not allow for this, add
in flat rest stops.
- Width: planning for two people and
wheelchair or service animal. In areas
where paths narrow, adding safe passing
places.
- Amenities and Facilities: plan for the whole
user experience from connecting pathways
to the approach.
- Signage: including information such as
distance, grade, key points of interest, and
facilities. Keeping information clear, concise
and accurate. Signage for a variety of
needs such as high-contrast colours, tactile
and integrating technology such as Blind
Square, auditory aids and QR codes.
9 Trans Canada Trail. (2023). All Persons Trails. https://tctrail.ca/allpersonstrails/?_
gl=1*1091csv*_up*MQ..*_ga*NzA1ODEzOTEuMTczODg2ODQ3Mg..*_ga_
Z63TFVPQJ6*MTczODg2ODQ3MS4xLjAuMTczODg2ODQ3MS4wLjAuMTkyMzMwMjA2OA
10 Centre for Excellence in Universal Design. (2025). About Universal Design. https://universaldesign.ie/about-universal-
design
When developing trails for those living with
neurodivergence it is important to incorporate
consistency, predictability and patterns in trail
design to reduce stimulation and increase
ease of use. Avoiding the use of bright
coloured signage can reduce overwhelm and
implementing looped trails helps to create
a safe environment. Using a variety of trail
surfaces can enhance sensory experiences
along with incorporating different zones such
as quiet rest stops and sensory gardens. The
following case study from Letchworth State
Park highlights a well-developed trail that is
inclusive for those living with neurodivergence,
in particular autism spectrum.
25
Accessibility Highlight: Letchworth State Park, New York: Autism Friendly Trail.11
This one-of-a-kind interactive looped
trail was created in Letchworth State
Park for those living with autism to
connect with the outdoors in an
environment that reduces overwhelming
stimuli. From pre-trip departure, people
can access information such as a virtual
trail tour, trail maps, key facilities and
amenities to help reduce barriers. Upon
arrival, the one-mile Autism Nature
Trail (ANT) welcomes all people into
its calming atmosphere. The looped
design creates safety and predictability
following key accessibility standards
of design. There are eight stations
throughout for sensory stimulation,
which range from quiet engagement
to adventure and active exploration.
Stone dust creates a firm yet stable and
sustainable surface underfoot, also
making it accessible for wheelchairs.
The trail adhered to guidelines from the
American Disability Act to ensure all
people could experience the benefits of
nature in a safe, inclusive manner.
11 Autism Nature Trail. (2021-2025). Autism Nature Trail. A Nature Trail for All at Letchworth State Park. https://
autismnaturetrail.com/
26
Sustainability
12 Marion, J. L., & Wimpey, J. (2017). Assessing the influence of sustainable trail design and maintenance on soil loss.
Journal of Environmental Management, 189, 46-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.11.074
13 Lukoseviciute, G., Pereira, L. N., & Panagopoulos, T. (2021). Sustainable recreational trail design from the recreational
opportunity spectrum and trail user perception: a case study of the Seven Hanging Valleys. Journal of Ecotourism,
ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2021.2004153
14 Trans Canada Trail. (2021). National Guidelines for Classifying Multi-Use Trails in Canada. https://tctrail.ca/national-
guidelines-webinars/
A variety of factors influence the overall sustainability of a trail
from amount, type and behaviour of use to visitor regulations,
education and design parameters. Sustainable trail networks
are developed and managed to accommodate their intended
and desired uses for high-quality visitor experiences. As well,
they are developed in harmony with nature by mitigating trail
degradation and soil loss through comprehensive planning
processes such as TCT's trail classification approach. Trails
that are sustainable not only benefit its users and the natural
environment but also reduce ongoing maintenance costs
ensuring longevity from a management perspective. The TCT
provides a Tree Planting Resource Guide and a Trail Development
Life Lifecycle Costing Tool for sustainable trail networks.
Key considerations from a design perspective include using
natural surfaces, such as trail substrates with high rock and
gravel content, which overtime require less maintenance and
help reduce trail degradation. High rock and gravel content
trail materials are also firm and able to withstand heavy
traffic from horseback, bikers, and hikers. Concrete surfaces
are prone to cracking and experiencing holes, which not
only increase ongoing maintenance but also reduce visitor
accessibility. Asphalt materials have a similar concern along
with environmental risks of harmful chemicals leaching into the
adjacent environment. Keeping trail grades on average at 10%
or less for recreational use is recognized as a rule of thumb for
reducing trail degradation through minimizing soil loss. In areas
prone to flooding or high-precipitation events, incorporating side
trails is a cost-effective strategy to manage the flow of water and
prevent water from pooling on trails. 12,13,14
Photo from: www.facebook.com/towngbw
27
Wayfinding and Signage
15 Trans Canada Trail. (2023). Signage Best Practices Guidelines. https://tctrail.
ca/signage-best-practices-guidelines/
16 Mitschke,S. (2020). Lost on the Trail: Investigating Hiking Wayfinding and
Trail Navigation within National Parks. Gradate Council of Texas State
University.
Effective wayfinding and signage lay foundation in providing
positive, accessible, and welcoming trail networks. The TCT's
Signage Best Practices Guidelines emphasizes the importance
establishing a comprehensive sign plan for trail networks as it
is coined as the most important part of any trail. Signage not
only contributes to users' safety on the trail, but represents a
high-quality trail network, attracting exposure and creating trail
identity.
It is important that trail operators adhere to any local, regional, or
national regulations for their trail signage and wayfinding. Trail
networks should have clear, concise and consistent branding
and messaging for all their signage. Cohesive signage is not only
easier for users to identify but also create important narratives
for storytelling such as interpretation along the trail. Having
cluttered, unbranded signs create confusion and congestion
for trail users. This could result in the reduced likelihood of users
understanding the information being delivered and potentially
negatively impacting visitor safety.
Trailheads are an important first point of contact within a trail
experience. These are places to inform, educate and indicate the
start of a well-established route. A trailhead signage board is an
effective way to communicate the following information: 15,16
- Trail name, difficulty, distance, terrain grade, key junctions.
- Marker keys, trail icons, landmarks for users to create
cognitive maps, trail maps.
- Emergency contact information, advisories and/or cautions.
- Convenience and comfort amenity locations.
- Interpretation and education such as Leave No Trace
Principles.
Photo from: www.hikingnb.
ca/Trails/LowerSJRiver/
GrandBayWestfield.html
28
Wildlife Corridors
Wildlife and ecological corridors are essential links connecting
landscapes that allow for the natural migration of species
between key habitats. Anthropogenic changes have resulted
in a variety of linear barriers which fragment corridors into
smaller sub-sections and reduce connectivity. Some roadways
and highways that exist across key wildlife corridors have
implemented solutions by adding built structures, such as the
Banff wildlife bridges, to help manage critical corridors and
reduce negative human-wildlife encounters.
Trail networks operate on a much smaller scale than major
highways but still create the same linear barriers for a variety
of species. To help reduce a trails impact on wildlife corridors, it
is recognized as best practice to avoid developing through key
connectivity routes when possible. Within the initial planning
phases of trail development, conducting environmental
assessments of the landscape will help trail operators to
identify any sensitive ecological areas of concern, including
wildlife corridors. If a trail network already exists, or cannot
be developed around a corridor, it is important to minimize
the amount and intensity of human activities within these
zones. When designing trails within wildlife corridors, re-
creating linkages, such as constructing tunnels under trails, and
implementing seasonal closures when necessary (e.g. during
sensitive breeding times for frogs to cross the path). As well, for
trail networks with riparian ecosystems, creating buffer strips or
zones is an important tool for reducing erosion and supporting
critical habitat for aquatic species. It is recommended that for
areas with amphibians a minimum of a 400m buffer zone should
be created reduce human disturbance. Education is also a vital
link, connecting people to the importance of trail stewardship
and ultimately contributing to the success of trails balanced
alongside wildlife corridors. Trails networks can successfully
coexist within wildlife corridors when thoughtful measures
are put into place, such as what was done in the Village of
Cumberland, Vancouver Island (please refer to the wildlife
corridor highlight case study). 17,18
17 Gregory, A., Spence, E., Beier, P., & Garding, E. (2021). Toward best management practices for ecological corridors.
Land (Basel), 10(2), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10020140
18 Government of Canada. (2024). Wildlife Corridors- a 'moving' story. https://parks.canada.ca/pn-np/ab/banff/nature/
conservation/transport/corridors
29
Wildlife Corridor Highlight: Village of Cumberland, Vancouver Island. Tiny Toad Patrol. 19,20
The Village of Cumberland is not only home to
4,447 human residents but also thousands of
Western Toads. These toads are federally listed
as a species of concern by the Committee on
the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada
(COSEWIC) due to their sensitivity to human
activities and climate change. In the lush
Cumberland Forest, mountain bikers and other
recreationists share the diverse trail network
alongside these amphibians. The Western Toad
has three main migration periods throughout
the year, two in the spring and one in the
summer. The largest migration in Cumberland
is when the toadlets leave Allen Lake for their
upland forest habitat, hopping across the forest
trails. This migration occurs during peak human
use, in the daytime and usually after summer
rain events, making the toadlets vulnerable to
trampling. The Cumberland Community Forest
Society along with United Riders of Cumberland
and other stakeholders rallied together to form
the Tiny Toad Patrol. Recognising how their
existing trail infrastructure interfered with the
Western Toads migration corridor, they created
a variety of educational materials from maps
and citizen science projects to trailhead booths.
They closed sections of the trail to allow for
safe migration and reduced human presence
by creating trail re-route options with updated
migration maps during the closures. Collectively,
the community of Cumberland came together
to create a vital link between the Western
Toads habitats and their hearts. Ensuring
these toadlets, and future generations, have a
positive first trail experience.
19 Cumberland Community Forest Society. (N.D). Western Toad Project. https://www.cumberlandforest.com/about-
the-forest/western-toad-project/
20 United Riders of Cumberland. (2025). Western Toad Information. https://unitedridersofcumberland.com/trail-care/
western-toad-information/
30
Visitor Use Management
Trail networks provide people with a variety of recreational opportunities and active transportation
options. Trails provide communities with access to nature-based activities, and trail usage surged
post-pandemic when people began to experience the benefits of time spent outdoors. With
increased popularity comes management concerns such as trail stewardship, invasive species,
informal trails degrading local ecosystems and user conflicts.
To mitigate concerns, there are a variety of tools to help manage visitors. Applying frameworks such
as the Visitor Use Management (VUM) Framework, from the Interagency Visitor Use Management
Council, helps to create consistency and build a foundation for management. This framework
provides guidance on desired conditions and identifies appropriate uses with management
strategies as well as monitoring. Understanding visitor's motivation, perceptions and preferred
activities can help with site-level management and trail design. Designated trails along with
consistent trailheads, signage and wayfinding decrease informal trail use. Visitor education aids
in influencing behaviours of trail users and is best done throughout the whole user experience.
Obtaining spatial data to map visitation patterns is another important tool that can be used to
understand and manage visitation within trail networks. Overall, effective VUM defines the type
and level of visitor use a trail network can accommodate while sustaining resources and social
conditions set out within the trails management objectives. 21 22 23 24 25 26
21 Pacific Crest Trail Association. (2025). Strategies for Visitor Use Management. https://www.pcta.org/our-work/vum/
vum-strategies/
22 Interagency Visitor Use Management Council. (2025). Visitor Use Management Overview.
https://
visitorusemanagement.nps.gov/VUM/VumOverview
23 Trans Canada Trail. (2020). Visitor Management Plans. https://tctrail.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/07-Visitor_
Management-plans.pdf
24 Lukoseviciute, G., Pereira, L. N., Panagopoulos, T., Fedeli, G., Ramsey, E., Madden, K., & Condell, J. (2023).
Recreational trail development within different geographical contexts as a determinant of income multiplier and
local economic impact. Tourism Management Perspectives, 46, 101090-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2023.101090
25 Marion, J. L., Leung, Y.-F., & Nepal, S. K. (2006). Monitoring Trail Conditions: New Methodological Considerations. The
George Wright Forum, 23(2), 36-49.
26 Kuba, K., Monz, C., Bårdsen, B.-J., & Hausner, V. H. (2018). Role of site management in influencing visitor use along
trails in multiple alpine protected areas in Norway. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 22, 1-8. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.jort.2018.02.002
31
Trail Tourism Ecosystem
Trans Canada Trail emphasizes the importance of an interconnected dynamic ecosystem for
successful trails and destinations. It is recognized that while not all trails should be developed for
tourism, trail tourism is a beneficial way for communities to strengthen and diversify their economies.
It shifts the tourism narrative away from mass tourism towards nature-based and slow tourism that
not only benefits the local ecosystem positively but people too. Trail operators must evaluate early
in the planning process if their trail(s) are tourism ready. The TCT provides a Guide to Evaluating
Trails Tourism Readiness (section 4), along with a Trail Funding Program, supporting destinations
developing sustainable trail tourism. 27,28,29
Lukoseviciute notes in the Journal of Ecotourism that trail users are becoming one of the fastest
growing nature-based recreationists worldwide. One form of trail tourism is developing a signature
trail, which is a themed walk, such as art, history or culinary, that showcases an areas unique
heritage. Rail trails are a popular form of signature trail, that follow historical and abandoned
railroad lines, offering interpretive opportunities. Signature trails can be promoted throughout the
whole visitor experience, from pre-trip planning to welcoming themed signage in the community
and on the trails. When implemented thoughtfully and successfully, signature trails directly connect
visitors to the host community, which in turn provides economic benefits to the greater trail tourism
ecosystem. 30
27 Trans Canada Trail. (2021). National Guidelines for Classifying Multi-Use Trails in
Canada. https://tctrail.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Trans-Canada-Trail-National-
ClassificationGuidelines_2021.pdf?_gl=1*1a6vlyr*_up*MQ..*_ga*OTk3NTcyNjgxLjE3MzkyOTkyNzU.*_ga_
Z63TFVPQJ6*MTczOTI5OTI3NC4xLjAuMTczOTI5OTI3NC4wLjAuOTk1NjEwMjk3
28 Lukoseviciute, G., Pereira, L. N., & Panagopoulos, T. (2021). Sustainable recreational trail design from the recreational
opportunity spectrum and trail user perception: a case study of the Seven Hanging Valleys. Journal of Ecotourism
1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2021.2004153
29 Government of Alberta. (2019). Trail Development Guidelines for Alberta's Public Land. https://open.alberta.ca/
dataset/b1cae0e7-4b70-4c7b-8575-f89ada15342d/resource/9cc04dc8-ffe5-4c04-aed4-ff43cee2cb56/download/
aep-trail-development-guidelines-2019.pdf
30 Lukoseviciute, G., Pereira, L. N., & Panagopoulos, T. (2022). The economic impact of recreational trails: a systematic
literature review. Journal of Ecotourism, 21(4), 366-393.
https://doi.org/1
0.1080/14724049.2022.2030745
Photo from: www.hikingnb.ca/Trails/LowerSJRiver/GrandBayWestfield.
html
32
Trail Tourism Ecosystem Highlight: Heinsburg to Waskatenau, Alberta's Iron Horse Trail 31,32
Part of the Trans Canada Trail, the 177km Iron Horse Trail follows an abandoned CN rail line through
10 small communities from Heinsburg to Waskatenau. Along the way, visitors get to experience
beautiful, forested landscapes, diverse wetland ecosystems and vast open prairies that a train once
weaved through. Not only this, but the trail brings people through the heart of each community,
allowing a direct connection to these unique small towns. Towns showcase their quirks, welcoming
visitors with tasty treats and ultimately creating list of things to see throughout the abandoned rail
journey. Some highlights include antique shops, food trucks, geocaching, the world's largest perogie
in Glendon and a UFO landing site in St. Paul. Rich in over 100 years of history, this trail showcases
how small communities can work together to form a strong trail tourism ecosystem through
leveraging its unique railway history in the form of a signature trail.
31 AMA Travel. (2025). Hidden Alberta: The Iron Horse Trail. https://www.amatravel.ca/articles/alberta-iron-horse-trail
32 Trans Canada Trail. (2023). Explore the Map: Alberta's Iron Horse Trail. https://tctrail.ca/
explorethemap/?_gl=1*3nbktc*_up*MQ..*_ga*MTk0Njc2NjE1NS4xNzM5NDY4NzQw*_ga_
Z63TFVPQJ6*MTczOTQ2ODczOC4xLjAuMTczOTQ2ODczOC4wLjAuMTc1NDA4MjI4
33
Commitment to Indigenous Reconciliation
The TCT encourages and supports reconciliation through honouring the land trails are on and the
importance of trails as a current and historical transport route for many Indigenous communities.
Working with Indigenous communities and supporting partnerships is a cornerstone in developing
trails nationwide. On Vancouver Island, the TCT worked with local Indigenous people of Malahat
Nation when developing the Cowichan Valley multi-use trail. Through this partnership, the Malahat
Nation was able to design a Yos Pole to honour their people's culture and welcome trail users onto
their land. 33
Value-based experiences are growing within the trail sector which support Indigenous-led trail
experiences that share traditional knowledge with respect for their communities' land, culture
and history. Within the TCT there is a 14km portion of trail along the Niagara Escarpment travelling
through Wiikwemkoong Unceded Territory. The Bebamikawe Memorial Trail includes Odawa
interpretive experiences where people can learn about the local ecosystem as they walk alongside
seven clan dodems ascending the warrior trail. Guided hikes and culinary experiences are also
offered through Wiikwemkoong Tourism which uses the trail to offer authentic value-based
experiences, merging the trail tourism ecosystem with Indigenous reconciliation. 34
The following are actions which support commitment towards Indigenous Reconciliation for trail
networks:
- Honouring Indigenous place names on trail signage and route names to restore indigenous
culture.
- Working with Indigenous communities to build partnerships.
- Include local Indigenous language on trail signage and wayfinding.
- Land acknowledgements on trailhead signage.
- Work with Indigenous communities to incorporate interpretive storytelling on trails.
33 Trans Canada Trail. (2018). Trail sections that connect with Canada's Indigenous heritage.
https://tctrail.ca/stories/trail-sections-indigenous-heritage/
34 Trans Canada Trail. (2024). How trail tourism and Indigenous experiences can contribute to reconciliation and a
resilient, inclusive trail sector. Trans Canada Trail. (2024). How trail tourism and Indigenous experiences can contribute
to reconciliation and a resilient, inclusive trail sector. https://tctrail.ca/stories/how-trail-tourism-and-indigenous-
experiences-can-contribute-to-reconciliation-and-a-resilient/
34
3.1 Community Case Studies
Town of Cochrane, Ontario: Revitalizing Multi-Use Trails
35 Government of Canada. (2025). Multi-Use Trails for Every Ability. https://fednor.canada.ca/en/our-successes/multi-
use-trails-every-ability?wbdisable=true
In northeastern Ontario the Town of Cochrane, with a population
of 5,487 residents, recognized the existing value of their trail
network as important community asset. The pathways throughout
town serve as important recreation and active transportation
corridors for residents and visitors alike. Connecting people to
the local environment and each other, ultimately contributing
to enhanced community wellbeing. However, it was recognized
that although the existing trail network provided a great
foundation, it was not benefiting people with diverse abilities
and its maintenance was unsustainable. Cochrane received
funding support from FedNor through the Canada Community
Revitalization Fund (CCRF) to improve their existing trail system,
making it more accessible and sustainable.
The multi-use trail was extended by two kilometers, providing increased connectivity, linking various
community parks, and providing access to local schools, hospitals and other essential services. Trail
infrastructure was improved to meet the Accessibility for Ontarians with Disability Act standards.
Some changes included increased lighting along the multi-use pathway, rest areas and park
benches. As well, sustainable design was prioritized by using packed dust and fine gravel to form a
firm, sturdy trail bed instead of concrete paving. This decision is not only better for the environment
while meeting accessibility standards but also ensures economic feasibility through reducing
trail maintenance costs over the lifecycle. Overall, the Town of Cochrane's updated multi-use trail
network provides a path forward for other small towns to follow their footsteps when it comes to
creating accessible and sustainable trails for all.35
Master Plan DRAFT
March 2022
Town of Cochrane
Parkland and Recreation Master Plan
April 2022
35
Town of Ely, Nevada: Diversifying Existing Mountain Bike Trails
36 International Mountain Biking Association. (2024). New Trails Promise High Quality Experiences: Planning and Design
in Ely, Nevada. https://www.imba.com/blog/new-trails-promise-diversification-high-quality-experiences
The Town of Ely, Nevada, a four-season mountain town of 3,908 residents, has long embraced
mountain biking, hosting America's longest running enduro race, Fears, Tears, and Beers, since 1995.
While the town welcomes growing tourism, residents seek to balance increased visitation with
preserving the solitude and sustainability of their trails. Much of Ely's existing trail network evolved
informally over time, but rising use has exposed challenges in connectivity, erosion, drainage, and
trail grades.
To enhance the rider experience while maintaining environmental sustainability, Ely is working with
the International Mountain Bicycling Association (IMBA) to improve and diversify trails on Ward
Mountain. Plans include a new, scenic climb with rest stops and advanced offshoots up to a primary
hub on Ward Mountain. As well, increased connectivity of trails to campgrounds and town, which
account for the trail tourism ecosystem. Also, thoughtfully designed infrastructure that supports both
growth and conservation. By proactively re-designing its trails, Ely is shifting gears toward a future
where hard-core adventure and friendly-fun ride in tandem. 36
36
Walker, Minnesota: Enhancing Existing Network to Support Active
Transportation
37 Western Transportation Institute. (2022). Case Studies of Bicycling & Walking in Small Communities:
Walker,Minnesota. https://westerntransportationinstitute.org/wpcontent/uploads/2022/03/MN_Walker_
CaseStudy_2022.pdf
Walker is home to 938 residents who stride and ride their way around
town. Through years of comprehensive planning and support from various
grants, the community has enhanced their existing infrastructure to support
trail networks that promote active transportation. In 2018 Walker achieved
the league of American Bicyclists Bicycle Friendly Community Bronze level
designation and 11 local businesses received a Bicycle Friendly Business
designation.
Highlights from Walkers trail infrastructure and network enhancements
include:37
- Establishing a designated loop, The Walker Loop, connecting three major trails.
- Redesigning and building a multi-use pathway along the town's main thoroughfare, Railroad
Avenue.
- Railroad Avenue sections redesigned and built as one-way streets to reduce pedestrian
crossings and increase walkability.
- Continued improvements for accessibility and safety such as enhanced pathway lighting and
curb extensions.
- Restriping bike lanes and using shared lane markers.
- Establishing underpasses for increased active transportation connectivity.
- Installing public restrooms along pathways.
- Putting bike racks, and bike repair stations in town to accompany bike path infrastructure and
further support active transportation.
- Implemented a defined walking route, art and historical route with interpretive and wayfinding
signage.
- The active transportation networks support local businesses and vis versa, through options such
as bike rentals in town, and safe pathway connectivity through town.
ǣǡ
CASE STUDIES OF BICYCLING & WALKING IN SMALL
COMMUNITIES: WALKER, MINNESOTA
February 2022
Prepared by the Western Transportation Institute at Montana State University's Small Urban, Rural, and
Tribal Center on Mobility (SURTCOM) for the Minnesota Department of Transportation.
37
Section 4
Current Trail Network in
Grand Bay - Westfield
4.1 Current Trails and Pathways
Grand Bay-Westfield's trail network reflects a combination of formal Town-managed infrastructure
and informal, community-created pathways that have evolved organically over time. While the
community benefits from an active trail culture, many existing trails operate as "unofficial" routes--
meaning they were not formally planned, designed, or constructed by the Town and currently lack
regular municipal maintenance or management.
Photo from: www.facebook.com/towngbw
38
Formal Trail Infrastructure
The Town's primary formal trail asset is the
Municipal Heritage Trail, a 14.5 km crushed
rock multi-use pathway that serves as the
backbone of the community's trail network. This
trail follows along the road and former railbed,
offering scenic views of the Wolastoq (Saint
John River) and connecting key community
destinations including the arena, schools, parks,
ball fields, commercial areas, and waterfront
access points. The Municipal Heritage Trail
features interpretive signage highlighting the
area's history and provides important active
transportation links for residents.
Additional formal trail areas include:
- Blueberry Hill Nature Preserve: Several trails
providing access to undeveloped shoreline
and natural areas
- Designated trails connecting to recreation
facilities and parks
Informal and Unofficial Trail Network
A significant portion of Grand Bay-Westfield's
trail system consists of informal, user-created
trails that have developed through regular
community use rather than formal planning
processes. These unofficial trails include:
- Backcountry and woodland trails: Including
routes like the Turtle Mountain Trail,
which follows old roads approximately 11
kilometres into the woods behind town,
culminating at a granite dome summit
- Social trails and desire lines: Pathways
created by repeated foot traffic connecting
neighbourhoods, natural areas, and
destinations
- Motorized vehicle routes: ATV and
snowmobile trails used seasonally
throughout the community's rural areas
- Informal neighbourhood connections:
Shortcuts and pathways linking residential
areas
These unofficial trails are not currently mapped,
signed, or maintained by the Town. While they
provide valuable recreation opportunities and
demonstrate strong community engagement
with the landscape, they present several
challenges:
- Inconsistent trail conditions and safety
standards
- Lack of formal access agreements with
landowners
- Absence of environmental assessments or
sustainable design features
- No regular maintenance or monitoring
- Limited accessibility for people with diverse
abilities
- Potential conflicts between different user
groups
- Unknown environmental impacts on
sensitive areas
39
Trail Use Patterns
Grand Bay-Westfield demonstrates strong
multipurpose trail usage across its network.
Based on community engagement findings
(additional findings presented in the following
section of this report), current trail activities
include:
- Walking and hiking (85% of users): The
predominant use, occurring year-round on
both formal and informal trails
- Nature appreciation (44%): Users seeking
wildlife viewing and natural environment
experiences
- Dog walking (43%): Significant recreational
activity throughout the trail system
- Motorized use (26%): Notable proportion
of users engaging in ATV and snowmobile
recreation, particularly on informal
backcountry routes
- Cycling: Mountain biking and recreational
cycling on suitable trails
The high percentage of motorized usage (26%)
indicates that a substantial segment of the
community values trail opportunities for ATVs
and snowmobiles, particularly during winter
months. This motorized recreation currently
occurs primarily on unofficial trails and old
forestry roads, without formal designation,
signage, or management.
Multipurpose Trail Demand
The community has expressed strong
interest in multipurpose trail infrastructure
that can accommodate diverse user groups
and activities. Current trail use reflects this
preference, with many trails informally
serving multiple functions--walking, cycling,
dog walking, and seasonal motorized use.
However, the lack of formal trail classification
and designated use policies can lead to user
conflicts and safety concerns, particularly
on shared pathways where speeds and user
expectations vary significantly.
The existing Municipal Heritage Trail serves as
the community's primary multipurpose pathway,
accommodating pedestrians, cyclists, and other
non-motorized users. However, community
feedback indicates desire for:
- Additional dedicated multipurpose
pathways
- Designated trails for specific activities
(cycling-priority trails, motorized trails)
- Clear policies on trail etiquette and shared
use
- Infrastructure supporting diverse activities
(bike lanes, ATV-accessible routes)
40
Network Gaps and Connectivity Challenges
While Grand Bay-Westfield benefits from both formal and informal trail assets, significant gaps exist
in the overall network:
- Limited connections between Ward 1 and Ward 2 (newly amalgamated areas)
- Insufficient trails in close proximity to residential neighbourhoods
- Missing links creating discontinuous routes and dead-ends
- Lack of connections to key destinations (schools, community facilities, commercial areas)
- No regional trail connections to neighbouring municipalities
- Absence of designated accessible trails meeting Universal Design Standards
41
4.2 Community Insights
Importance of Trails
Big Ideas from Residents
Current Trail
Use &
Satisfaction
Future Planning
Priorities
Barriers
67%
65%
Health &
Wellness
Recreation
& Play
Connectivity
Environmental Benefits
Safe Active
Transportation
33%
Strong Agreement:
Top Reasons:
Expansion & Connectivity:
Multi-Use Options:
Community Engagement
Maintenance & Amenities
Accessibility & Signage:
believe trails are
vital to quality of
life.
say they are
important to the
community.
Respondents rated these
goals as most important:
-
Physical activity &
healthy living (71%)
-
Inclusive & equitable
access
-
Biodiversity protection
-
Climate resilience
-
Community gathering
and beautification
90%
Usage:
used trails in the past
year; most frequent in
warmer months.
65%
Usage:
satisfied overall;
concerns include
insufficient trails near
homes and
maintenance issues.
Usage:
85% Walking/hiking
44% Nature
appreciation
43% Dog walking
26% Motorized use
1-2hrs
Duration:
Majority of visits for
80%
58%
51%
39%
Condition /
maintenance (28%)
Lack of awareness
of trail locations
(21%)
Transportation
challenges (15%)
Accessibility issues
and missing
amenities (e.g.,
signage, benches)
More trails linking
neighborhoods, longer loops,
and destination points.
Regular upkeep, winter
grooming, benches,
shelters, maps.
Dedicated biking and
ATV trails alongside
walking paths.
Better marketing and
collaboration with local
groups.
Inclusive design and
improved wayfinding.
Community Survey:
May - June 2025
241 Responses
42
Section 5
Vision and Principles
5.1 Vision Statement
Grand Bay-Westfield will cultivate a connected, accessible, and sustainable trail network that
honours the land, celebrates community, and enriches the health and well-being of all residents
and visitors.
Our trails will serve as vital threads weaving through our community to connect neighbourhoods to
nature and people to each other. They will provide year-round opportunities for recreation, active
transportation, and meaningful engagement with the natural environment along the Wolastoq.
Through thoughtful stewardship and inclusive design, Grand Bay-Westfield's trails will reflect our
values of environmental responsibility and commitment to creating spaces where everyone feels
welcome and connected.
Photo from: www.hikingnb.ca/Trails/LowerSJRiver/GrandBayWestfield.html
43
5.2 Guiding Principles
Guiding principles are a set of strategic statements that summarize the focus and desired outcomes
for the provision of trails in Grand Bay - Westfield. They represent the fundamental things that must
be kept top of mind moving forward and become the measurement upon which recommendations
are based and projects are prioritized.
The following guiding principles have been developed for our Trails Master Plan:
Visitor-Centred Experience
All trail planning, design, and management
decisions prioritize the needs, safety, and
desired experiences of trail users. We commit
to understanding diverse user motivations
and creating trails that accommodate varying
abilities, interests, and activity types--from
leisurely strolls to challenging adventures.
Accessibility and Inclusion for All
Trail networks will be designed to welcome
people of all ages, abilities, backgrounds,
and experiences. Following Universal Design
Standards and Trans Canada Trail's All Persons
Trail guidelines, we will remove barriers--physical,
social, and informational--to ensure equitable
access and meaningful participation for
everyone in our community.
Environmental Stewardship and Sustainability
Trails will be developed and maintained
in harmony with the natural environment,
protecting biodiversity, respecting wildlife
corridors, and minimizing ecological impact.
We commit to sustainable design practices that
reduce long-term maintenance costs, prevent
trail degradation, and enhance climate resilience
while celebrating the natural beauty of the
Wolastoq region.
Connectivity and Integration
Trail development will prioritize creating a
connected network that links neighbourhoods,
parks, schools, community facilities, and
natural areas. Trails will serve dual purposes as
recreational amenities and active transportation
corridors, providing safe alternatives to vehicle
travel and reducing car dependency where
feasible.
Community Collaboration and Partnerships
Trail development and stewardship require
shared responsibility. We will actively engage
residents, community organizations, local
businesses, advocacy groups, and neighbouring
municipalities in trail planning, implementation,
and ongoing care. Strong partnerships will
enhance resources, expertise, and community
ownership of our trail network.
Quality, Safety, and Ongoing Stewardship
Excellence in trail design, construction,
maintenance, and management is essential for
positive user experiences. We commit to high
standards for trail conditions, clear wayfinding
and signage, regular maintenance, and
effective communication. Trails will be managed
proactively to ensure safety, minimize user
conflicts, and sustain quality over the long term.
44
Section 6
A Path Forward: Strategies
and Recommendations
The following recommendations provide a strategic framework for enhancing and expanding
Grand Bay-Westfield's trail network over the next 10 years. Organized into seven strategic themes,
these recommendations respond directly to community input, align with Trans Canada Trail best
practices, and address identified gaps in the current trail system.
Implementation Priority Framework
Priority 1 (Years 1-3):
Foundational actions critical for
system functionality and safety
Priority 2 (Years 4-7):
Enhancement projects building
on established foundation
Priority 3 (Years 8-10): Long-
term vision projects and system
optimization
45
Theme 1: Trail Network Expansion and Connectivity
Strategic Intent: Create a comprehensive, connected trail network that provides residents and
visitors with diverse recreational opportunities and viable active transportation options throughout
Grand Bay-Westfield.
Key Finding: 90% of residents used trails in the past year, yet expressed strong desire for more trails,
longer loops, and better connectivity between neighbourhoods and destinations. Insufficient trails
near homes were identified as a primary concern (28% of barriers).
Recommendations:
1.1 Develop a Phased Trail Expansion
Strategy
Identify and prioritize trail corridors that address
connectivity gaps, particularly in underserved
neighbourhoods (Ward 2 areas along Brittain
and Campbell Roads). Create minimum 5-10
km of new trail connections within first 3 years.
Focus initial expansion on linking residential
areas to existing trail infrastructure, schools,
parks, and community facilities. Establish criteria
for evaluating and prioritizing new trail corridor
opportunities (connectivity value, environmental
impact, cost, community benefit).
1.2 Complete Missing Links in the
Municipal Heritage Trail Network
Conduct detailed analysis of gaps in the existing
14.5 km Municipal Heritage Trail. Prioritize infill
connections that create continuous loops and
eliminate dead ends. Address safety concerns
at road crossings with enhanced signage,
lighting, and potentially grade-separated
crossings at high-traffic locations. Extend the
Municipal Heritage Trail network by 3-5 km to
enhance accessibility and connectivity.
1.3 Create Multi-Use Trail Corridor
Along Key Transportation Routes
Evaluate opportunities for trail development
along River Valley Drive and other major
roads as identified and recommended within
the Active Transportation Plan to improve
connectivity.
1.4 Explore Regional Trail Connections
Investigate partnerships with neighbouring
municipalities / Regional Service Commission
for regional trail linkages. Connect to broader
trans-provincial trail networks and tourism
routes. Evaluate feasibility of connections to
Trans Canada Trail or other significant regional
trails.
46
Theme 2: Accessibility and Universal Design
Strategic Intent: Ensure that all residents and visitors, regardless of age or ability, can meaningfully
access and enjoy Grand Bay-Westfield's trail network.
Key Finding: Community identified inclusive and equitable access as a top planning priority (71%
importance). Current barriers include accessibility issues and missing amenities.
Recommendations:
2.1 Designate and Develop Priority All
Persons Trails
Identify 2-3 high-priority trail segments for
immediate accessibility upgrades following
TCT All Persons Trail guidelines. Focus on trails
connecting to community facilities, schools,
and high-use areas as identified by the Active
Transportation Plan. Ensure minimum 1.5-2m
width, firm and stable surfaces (compacted
crushed aggregate or rubber), grades ≤5%,
and accessible trailhead facilities. Provide
accessible parking, wayfinding, and amenities
at key access points.
2.2 Implement Universal Design
Standards for All New Trail
Development
Adopt TCT accessibility guidelines as minimum
standard for new trail construction. Integrate
universal design principles from planning
through construction and maintenance. Include
accessible rest areas with benches, shade
structures, and smooth surfaces every 200-
400m on accessible trails. Design for temporary
and situational disabilities (e.g., parents with
strollers, people with temporary injuries).
2.3 Enhance Wayfinding for Diverse
Abilities
Implement multi-modal wayfinding: high-
contrast visual signage, tactile elements, QR
codes linking to audio descriptions, and digital
navigation tools. Integrate technology solutions
like Blind Square app compatibility. Provide
clear, accurate trail information including
distance, grade, surface type, amenities, and
difficulty ratings at all trailheads.
2.4 Develop Neuro-Inclusive Trail
Design Features
Create designated quiet zones along trails
with reduced visual stimulation. Use consistent,
predictable design patterns and avoid bright,
overwhelming signage. Develop sensory-
rich zones with varied natural textures and
experiences where appropriate.
47
2.5 Conduct Accessibility Audit of
Existing Trail Network
Systematically evaluate all existing trails
against Universal Design Standards. Prioritize
improvements based on usage levels,
community importance, and feasibility. Develop
multi-year plan to retrofit high-priority existing
trails for improved accessibility. Engage
residents with diverse abilities in audit process
and priority-setting.
2.6 Establish Inclusive Recreation
Programming
Partner with community organizations to
offer guided trail experiences for people with
diverse abilities. Develop inclusive signage and
educational materials in multiple formats.
Photo from: www.facebook.com/towngbw
48
Theme 3 Maintenance, Sustainability, and Trail Quality
Strategic Intent: Establish sustainable trail design, construction, and maintenance practices that
ensure high-quality, safe, and environmentally responsible trail experiences while managing long-
term costs effectively.
Key Finding: Trail condition and maintenance was the #1 barrier to trail use (28%). Community
expressed desire for regular upkeep and winter maintenance. 65% satisfaction rate indicates room
for improvement in overall trail quality.
Recommendations:
3.1 Develop Comprehensive Trail
Maintenance Plan
Establish clear maintenance standards and
schedules for each trail classification type.
Create Trail Management Objectives (TMOs) for
all existing and new trails documenting intended
conditions and maintenance requirements (see
Appendix B). Define maintenance responsibilities
(Town staff, contractors, volunteer groups, trail
partners). Implement seasonal maintenance
calendar addressing spring cleanup, summer
inspections, fall preparation, and winter
grooming priorities.
3.2 Prioritize Sustainable Trail Design
and Materials
Design trails with proper drainage, appropriate
grades (≤10% for most recreational trails), and
erosion control measures. Use natural surfaces
where appropriate for user experience and
sustainability. Minimize environmental impact
through thoughtful alignment and construction
techniques. Utilize TCT Trail Development Life
Cycle Costing Tool to evaluate long-term
financial sustainability of design choices.
3.3 Establish Regular Inspection and
Monitoring Program
Conduct systematic inspections at minimum
twice annually (spring and fall) plus after
significant weather events. Use standardized
inspection forms/apps to document conditions
and maintenance needs. Track and trend trail
condition data to inform budget planning and
prioritization. Establish rapid response protocols
for safety hazards.
3.4 Implement Winter Trail
Maintenance Strategy
Designate priority trails for winter grooming
(walking, fat biking, cross-country skiing).
Evaluate equipment needs and budget
requirements for winter maintenance.
Communicate seasonal trail conditions and
closures clearly to users. Balance winter
recreation demand with budget realities and
snow management priorities.
49
3.5 Develop Trail Stewardship and
Volunteer Program
Recruit and train community volunteers for
light maintenance, monitoring, and invasive
species removal. Establish 'Adopt-a-Trail'
program for community groups, businesses,
and families. Organize regular trail clean-
up and maintenance events. Recognize and
celebrate volunteer contributions. Leverage the
community's strong volunteer culture (62.4% of
youth volunteer outside school).
3.6 Implement Visitor Use
Management Framework
Apply Interagency Visitor Use Management
(VUM) Framework to define desired conditions
and appropriate use levels for each trail.
Monitor usage patterns using trail counters,
observational studies, and user surveys.
Address conflicts between different user groups
through design, education, and policy. Manage
informal trail development proactively through
designated trail expansion and education.
Photo from: www.hikingnb.ca/Trails/LowerSJRiver/GrandBayWestfield.html
50
Theme 4 Wayfinding, Signage, and Trail Information
Strategic Intent: Provide clear, consistent, and accessible trail information and wayfinding systems
that enhance safety, support positive user experiences, and showcase community identity.
Key Finding: Lack of awareness of trail locations (21% of barriers) and requests for improved
signage, maps, and wayfinding were prominent themes in community input.
Recommendations:
4.1 Develop Comprehensive Trail
Signage and Wayfinding System
Follow TCT Signage Best Practices Guidelines
to establish consistent, branded signage across
entire trail network. Create unified visual identity
for Grand Bay-Westfield trail system. Ensure
all signage meets accessibility standards (high
contrast, appropriate text size, tactile elements
where appropriate). Phase implementation
prioritizing highest-use trails and key decision
points.
4.2 Install High-Quality
Trailhead Information Boards
Place comprehensive trailhead boards at all
primary trail access points featuring trail system
map with 'you are here' indicator; individual trail
distances, difficulty ratings, surface types, and
accessibility information; key destinations and
connections; safety information and emergency
contacts; Leave No Trace and trail etiquette
guidelines; QR codes linking to digital resources
and real-time trail conditions. Ensure weather-
resistant materials and commit to keeping
information current.
4.3 Implement Consistent Trail
Marking and Directional Signage
Establish trail marking standards (blazes,
markers, symbols) consistent across
network. Provide directional signage at all
trail intersections indicating distances and
destinations. Use consistent colour coding or
symbols for different trail types/difficulty levels.
Ensure markers are visible in both directions of
travel and at appropriate intervals.
4.4 Create Interpretive Signage and
Storytelling Opportunities
Develop interpretive signage highlighting:
natural history and ecology of the Wolastoq
region; Indigenous history and Wolastoqey
cultural heritage; community history and
heritage; wildlife and habitat information.
Engage local historians, naturalists, and
Indigenous knowledge keepers in content
development. Use QR codes to provide deeper
digital content without cluttering physical
signage.
51
4.5 Develop Digital Trail Resources and
Real-Time Information
Create dedicated trails page on Town
website with: interactive digital trail maps;
downloadable trail guides and GPX files; real-
time trail conditions and closure information;
photo galleries and virtual trail tours. List trails
on major platforms (AllTrails, Trailforks, Google
Maps). Develop simple mobile-friendly trail app
or partner with existing platforms. Use social
media to communicate trail conditions, events,
and highlights.
Photo from: www.hikingnb.ca/Trails/LowerSJRiver/
GrandBayWestfield.html
52
Theme 5 Community Engagement and Partnerships
Strategic Intent: Foster strong community ownership, engagement, and collaborative partnerships
that enhance trail development, stewardship, and programming.
Key Finding: Community expressed desire for better marketing, communication, and collaboration
with local groups. Strong volunteer culture exists (62.4% of youth volunteer) representing significant
untapped capacity.
Recommendations:
5.1 Establish Multi-Stakeholder Trails
Advisory Committee
Form committee with representation from:
Council and Town staff (Recreation, Public
Works, Planning); trail user groups (hiking,
cycling, running, accessibility advocates);
environmental and conservation organizations;
local businesses and tourism sector; schools and
youth representatives; Indigenous community
representatives; neighbouring municipalities.
Meet quarterly to guide implementation of Trails
Master Plan and advise on trail design, policy,
programming, and conflict resolution.
5.2 Develop Formal Trail Partnership
Framework
Create clear terms of reference for trail
partnerships defining roles, responsibilities, and
expectations. Partner with established groups
(running clubs, cycling clubs, outdoor recreation
groups, accessibility organizations). Establish
partnership agreements for trail maintenance,
programming, advocacy, and funding.
Recognize partners publicly and celebrate
contributions.
5.3 Launch Robust Trail
Communication and Marketing
Strategy
Address awareness gap (21% didn't know
where trails were) through: regular social media
content highlighting trail features, seasonal
conditions, events; email newsletter for trail
updates and programs; signage at trail access
points and community facilities; features in
municipal communications and local media.
Create 'Trail of the Month' series showcasing
different trails and activities. Develop photo/
video content for promotional use. Engage local
influencers and trail ambassadors.
5.4 Implement 'Friends of Grand Bay-
Westfield Trails' Volunteer Program
Establish structured volunteer program with
training, recognition, and community-building.
Recruit volunteers for: trail monitoring and light
maintenance; guided hikes and interpretive
programming; invasive species management;
trail counters and user surveys; events and
special projects. Provide training workshops on
trail maintenance, ecology, safety. Host annual
volunteer appreciation event.
53
5.5 Develop School and Youth
Engagement Programs
Partner with Grand Bay-Westfield Elementary
and Middle Schools to integrate trail use into
curriculum: outdoor education and nature
studies; active transportation initiatives (walk/
bike to school programs); trail stewardship and
environmental monitoring projects; Indigenous
history and ecology learning opportunities.
Engage youth in trail design process through
participatory planning exercises. Create
youth leadership opportunities (junior trail
ambassadors, youth advisory roles).
5.5 Strengthen Regional Trail
Partnerships
Collaborate with neighbouring municipalities on
shared priorities and connections. Participate
in regional trail planning initiatives. Share
resources, expertise, and best practices. Pursue
joint funding opportunities.
5.6 Host Community Trail Events
Organize annual signature trail events: trail
opening celebrations for new sections;
seasonal guided hikes (spring wildflowers,
fall colours, winter snowshoe); trail races and
challenges (fun runs, bike events, trail clean-
up competitions); National/International
observances (Trails Day, Parks Day). Partner with
community organizations to deliver events. Use
events to build community, educate users, and
celebrate trails.
Photo from: www.facebook.com/towngbw
54
Theme 6 Diversity of Trail Experiences and Activities
Strategic Intent: Provide diverse trail experiences that accommodate different activities, skill levels,
interests, and seasonal uses while managing potential user conflicts effectively.
Key Finding: Community requested multi-use options including dedicated biking trails (58%
recreation), ATV trails (26% motorized use), and diverse trail types. Current activities concentrated
in walking/hiking (85%) with opportunities to diversify.
Recommendations:
6.1 Classify All Trails Using TCT Trail
Experience Typology
Categorize trails as Strolls, Excursions, or
Epics based on distance, difficulty, challenge,
amenities. Document Trail Management
Objectives (TMOs) for each trail specifying:
permitted activities and user groups; difficulty
rating and physical challenge level; surface
type and maintenance standards; accessibility
level; expected visitor experience. Communicate
classifications clearly through signage and trail
information.
6.2 Evaluate Motorized Use Policy and
Designated Areas
Conduct thorough assessment of demand for
motorized trail use (ATVs, e-bikes, snowmobiles).
Consider designated motorized trail areas that:
minimize user conflicts with non-motorized
recreation; protect sensitive environmental
areas; meet relevant provincial regulations
and insurance requirements; have sustainable
design and maintenance plans. Establish clear
policies on e-bikes (class distinctions, where
permitted). Evaluate seasonal motorized use
options (snowmobile trails in winter).
6.3 Create Designated Dog-Friendly
Trail Areas
With dog walking as significant activity (43%),
establish clear dog policies: designated on-
leash trails; explore potential for off-leash
trail areas (if appropriate locations exist); dog
waste stations at key access points and along
high-use trails; education about responsible
dog ownership on trails. Consider partnership
with local veterinary clinic or pet businesses for
support.
6.4 Develop Nature-Based and
Interpretive Trail Experiences
Enhance nature appreciation opportunities (44%
of survey responses ): identify trails with high
natural/ecological value for interpretive focus;
create wildlife viewing areas and bird watching
opportunities; develop nature interpretation
programs and guided walks; install interpretive
signage on flora, fauna, ecology, geology.
Establish partnerships with naturalist groups,
environmental educators, conservation
organizations.
55
6.5 Enhance Winter Trail Opportunities
Develop comprehensive winter trail strategy:
groomed multi-use trails for walking, fat biking,
cross-country skiing; snowshoe-specific trails
through natural areas; clear winter wayfinding
and condition reporting; winter trail map
highlighting groomed vs. ungroomed trails.
Partner with winter recreation groups for
grooming and programming. Explore winter trail
lighting for early morning/evening use on key
trails.
6.6 Establish Trail Etiquette and User
Conflict Management
Develop and communicate clear trail etiquette
guidelines: right-of-way rules (typically: walkers
have right of way over cyclists; uphill users
have right of way; yield to horses); speed
expectations on shared trails; passing protocols
and communication; Leave No Trace principles;
responsible dog ownership. Install trail etiquette
signage at trailheads and key points. Address
conflicts through design (separate trails,
directional trails, designated use trails). Monitor
user feedback and adapt policies as needed.
Photo from: www.hikingnb.ca/Trails/LowerSJRiver/
GrandBayWestfield.html
56
Theme 7 Environmental Stewardship and Climate Resilience
Strategic Intent: Protect and enhance natural ecosystems while building climate-resilient trail
infrastructure that mitigates environmental impacts and supports biodiversity.
Key Finding: Environmental benefits ranked high in community priorities (33%) with strong emphasis
on biodiversity protection and climate resilience in future planning goals.
Recommendations:
7.1 Conduct Environmental
Assessments for all new Trail
Development
Require environmental screening for all new
trail corridors identifying sensitive habitats and
species at risk; wildlife corridors and movement
patterns; wetlands, riparian areas, and water
crossings; steep slopes prone to erosion; areas
of ecological significance. Apply mitigation
hierarchy: avoid, minimize, restore.
7.2 Protect and Enhance Wildlife
Corridors
Map critical wildlife corridors within trail
planning area. Avoid trail development through
key connectivity zones where possible. Where
trails must cross corridors: minimize trail width
and impact; create wildlife passage structures
(tunnels, bridges) where appropriate; implement
seasonal closures during sensitive periods
(breeding, migration); use education and
signage to minimize wildlife disturbance.
7.3 Establish Riparian Buffer Zones
Maintain minimum buffers along waterways
(streams, ponds, wetlands): 30m minimum
setback for most water bodies; 400m buffer in
areas with amphibian habitat; greater buffers
for sensitive fish habitat. Design trails to avoid
direct impacts to riparian vegetation. Restore
degraded riparian areas where trails have
caused historical impacts.
7.4 Design for Climate Resilience and
Adaptation
Consider projected climate change impacts
in trail design: increased precipitation and
flooding events; more intense storms and
weather variability; warmer temperatures
affecting seasonal trail use patterns. Design
drainage systems for higher-intensity rainfall.
Elevate trails in flood-prone areas or design for
periodic inundation. Select plant species and
trail materials adapted to changing conditions.
Plan for longer shoulder seasons and changing
winter recreation patterns.
57
7.6 Use Trails as Carbon Sequestration
and Biodiversity Tool
Utilize TCT Tree Planting Resource Guide to
integrate native tree and shrub planting along
trails. Create pollinator corridors along trail
edges with native wildflowers and grasses.
Design trails to enhance rather than fragment
habitat where possible. Use trails as education
platform for climate action and environmental
stewardship.
Photo from: www.hikingnb.ca/Trails/LowerSJRiver/
GrandBayWestfield.html
58
This implementation framework provides a
comprehensive ten-year roadmap for executing
the 38 recommendations outlined in the Grand
Bay-Westfield Trails Master Plan. The plan is
structured around seven strategic themes and
prioritized into three implementation phases
aligned with the community's vision for an
accessible, connected, and sustainable trail
network.
The implementation framework responds
directly to community input, where residents
expressed strong desire for more trails, better
connectivity, and improved maintenance. By
addressing the top barriers to trail use; and by
aligning with the Active Transportation Plan
this framework establishes a foundation for
transformative change in Grand Bay-Westfield's
trail network.
Section 7
Implementation and
Conclusion
Photo from: www.facebook.com/towngbw
59
Successful implementation will require
coordinated investment across multiple resource
categories including capital funding for trail
construction and infrastructure, operational
budgets for maintenance and programming,
dedicated staff capacity in Recreation, Public
Works, and Planning departments, community
volunteer engagement, and strategic
partnerships with external organizations and
neighboring municipalities.
The plan emphasizes sustainable approaches
including long-term financial planning, volunteer
stewardship programs to extend capacity,
partnership frameworks to share resources, and
phased implementation to manage cash flow
and organizational capacity.
It is recommended that implementation be
guided by a multi-stakeholder Trails Advisory
Committee to oversee progress, provide
strategic guidance, and ensure alignment
with community values. Annual monitoring will
track key performance indicators including
trail kilometers developed, accessibility
improvements completed, volunteer
engagement levels, user satisfaction ratings,
and environmental stewardship outcomes.
This implementation framework transforms
community vision into actionable steps, creating
a trail network that serves all residents and
visitors while protecting the natural environment
that makes Grand Bay-Westfield special.
Photo from: www.facebook.com/towngbw
60
7.1 Implementation Priorities
The recommendations are organized along three priority levels over a ten-year timeframe.
Priority 1 (Years 1-3): Foundational Actions
Focus on critical infrastructure, accessibility upgrades, and establishing core policies and programs.
This phase includes priority actions that build the foundation for system functionality and safety,
including trail expansion planning, accessibility improvements, maintenance frameworks,
comprehensive signage systems, and multi-stakeholder governance structures.
Priority 2 (Years 4-7): Enhancement and Expansion
Build upon the established foundation with enhancement projects including multi-use trail corridors,
accessibility audits, volunteer programming, interpretive experiences, and specialized trail areas.
This phase includes recommendations that diversify trail offerings and strengthen community
engagement.
Priority 3 (Years 8-10): Long-Term Vision and Optimization
Advance long-term vision projects including regional trail connections and comprehensive visitor
use management. This phase includes recommendations focused on system optimization and
regional collaboration.
61
7.2 Monitoring and Evaluation
Successful implementation requires ongoing monitoring, evaluation, and adaptive management
to ensure recommendations are achieving desired outcomes and to adjust strategies based on
experience and changing conditions.
Governance and Oversight
Implementation will be guided through the
following governance structures:
- Trails Advisory Committee (Recommended):
Quarterly meetings to oversee
implementation progress, provide strategic
guidance, and advise on prioritization
decisions
- Town Council: Annual reporting on
Trails Master Plan implementation
progress, budget requests aligned with
implementation priorities, policy approval
for key recommendations
- Town Administration: Cross-departmental
coordination (Recreation, Public Works,
Planning, Communications), quarterly
implementation coordination meetings,
project management for individual
recommendations
- Community Partners: Regular
communication with trail partners and
stakeholder organizations, engagement in
specific recommendation implementation,
feedback on programs and policies
Key Performance Indicators
Progress will be measured through the following
key performance indicators, tracked annually:
Network Development
- Total trail kilometers developed (target: 8-15
km new trails over 10 years)
- Kilometers of All Persons Trails completed
(target: 2-3 km in Priority 1)
- Missing link connections completed (target:
3-5 km)
- Neighborhoods connected to trail network
(target: 3+ underserved areas)
User Experience
- Trail usage rates (maintain 90%+ of residents
using trails annually)
- User satisfaction with trail conditions (target:
increase from 65% to 85%+)
- Trail awareness
- Accessibility satisfaction among users with
disabilities (target: 80%+)
- Reduction in barriers to trail use (target:
maintenance barrier reduced from 28% to
under 15%)
62
Community Engagement
- Active partnership agreements (target: 5+ by
Year 3, 10+ by Year 7)
- Volunteer engagement (target: 50+ active
volunteers, 1,000+ hours annually)
- Trail events and programs delivered (target:
10+ annually by Year 5)
- Social media engagement metrics
- Trails Advisory Committee meeting
attendance and engagement
Environmental Stewardship
- Environmental assessments completed
(target: 100% of new corridors)
- Native trees/shrubs planted along trails
(target: 500+ by Year 7)
- Wildlife corridor protections implemented
- Zero trail-related environmental violations
Infrastructure and Quality
- Trail Management Objectives (TMOs)
completed (target: 100% of trails)
- Comprehensive signage system
implementation (target: 100% of network)
- Trailhead information boards installed
(target: all primary access points)
- Scheduled maintenance completion rate
(target: 95%+)
- Safety incident rates and response times
63
Appendix A - Trail
Classification
Trail classification provides a structured approach to organizing, designing, and managing the
city's diverse recreational trails. It serves as a comprehensive framework for determining and
documenting the mode of travel, intended uses, levels of challenge, degrees of development and
design parameters for each trail.
Classifying trails provides the direction staff, trail partners, and contractors need to build, maintain,
and manage recreation trails in the city. It also enables the delivery of clear, accessible wayfinding,
signage, and public information, empowering residents and visitors to choose trails that match their
abilities and desired experiences, while enhancing safety, usability, and enjoyment across the trail
network.
Recreation-focused Town trails will be classified in accordance with the National Guidelines for
Classifying Multi-Use Trails in Canada1 (Figure 23).
64
To document the intended classification
and guide construction, maintenance
and management, a Trail Management
Objective (TMO) (Appendix B) will be
prepared for each trail. Once determined,
the TMO and the selected design
parameters will provide a basis on which
the Town, or its partners, will guide the
build of new trails and evaluate the current
condition and characteristics of existing
trails. This will allow staff to identify
deficiencies in trail condition and prioritize
maintenance initiatives to ensure current
trail conditions remain in line with the
intended trail classification and design
parameters.
Classification of Recreation-Focused
Trails vs Active Transportation Trails and
Infrastructure
This classification system will be used by
the Town to categorize all recreation-
focused trails located within the municipal
parks system and other Town-owned
lands. It is specifically designed to guide
the planning, design, and management
of trails intended for leisure, exploration,
and outdoor enjoyment. This system does
not apply to trails or corridors primarily
intended for active transportation (e.g.,
commuting or utility cycling); those are
addressed separately in the Town's Active
Transportation Plan.
Trail Classification System and Process (adopted from the National Guidelines of Classifying Multi-use Trails
in Canada)
Season
- Summer
- Winter
- All Season
Mode of
Travel
- Non-
motorized
- Motorized
(Only
non-TCT
segments)
- Mixed Use
Type of
Use
- Single Use
- Multi-Use
- Activity
Optimized
Activity
Type(s)
- Select from
List
Level of
Challenge
- Easiest
- More Difficult
- Very Difficulty
- Extremely
Difficult
Prepared-
ness
- Standard
- Enhanced
Design
Parameter
Selection
- Select based
on activities
with highest
design needs
Level of
Develop-
ment
- Developed
- Moderately
Developed
- Minimally
Developed
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Select One
Select One
Select One
or Multiple
65
Appendix B - Example Trail
Management Objective Form
and Data Structure
68
Appendix C - Implementation
Actions
Priority 1 Recommendations - Years 1-3
(Foundational Actions)
Priority 1 recommendations establish the critical foundation for trail system functionality and safety.
These 19 recommendations address immediate community needs, establish governance structures,
create baseline standards, and deliver tangible improvements in accessibility, connectivity, and trail
quality.
69
Theme 1: Trail Network Expansion and Connectivity
Immediate focus on addressing connectivity gaps and creating new trail infrastructure to serve
undeserved neighbourhoods.
1.1: Develop a Phased Trail Expansion Strategy
Lead
Responsibility
Recreation Department (lead) with CAO, Public Works and Development
Key Actions
- Develop corridor evaluation criteria (connectivity value, environmental
impact, cost, community benefit)
- Engage with underserved neighbourhoods to identify priority connections
- Create detailed trail corridor plans with cost estimates and environmental
assessments
- Prioritize links to schools, parks, community facilities, and existing trail
infrastructure
- Establish phased construction schedule aligned with capital budget cycles
Resource
Requirements
- GIS mapping and analysis capacity
- Trail design consultant
- Capital funding for construction
- Environmental assessment budget
- Community engagement resources
Success Metrics
- 5-10 km of new trail constructed
- Connectivity to underserved neighbourhoods
- Documented evaluation framework adopted by Council
- Increased trail accessibility scores in Ward 2
- Community satisfaction with trail access increases from baseline
Dependencies
Coordination with Active Transportation Plan; Environmental assessments for new
corridors; Budget allocation approval; Land acquisition or easement agreements
70
1.2: Complete Missing Links in the Heritage Trail Network
Lead
Responsibility
Public Works (lead) with Recreation Department
Key Actions
- Map all gaps and dead ends in existing 14.5 km Heritage Trail network
- Prioritize connections that create continuous loops and eliminate safety
hazards
- Design enhanced road crossing treatments (signage, lighting, potential grade
separations)
- Identify high-traffic crossing locations requiring immediate safety upgrades
- Install wayfinding signage for completed loop routes
Resource
Requirements
- Trail engineering and design services
- Construction budget for 3-5 km extensions
- Road crossing safety infrastructure
- Potential grade separation structures Public Works staff time for project
management
Success Metrics
- 3-5 km of Heritage Trail extensions completed
- All dead ends eliminated or clearly marked
- Minimum 2 continuous loop routes created
- Enhanced safety infrastructure at minimum 3 priority road crossings
- Documented reduction in crossing-related safety incidents
Dependencies
Land acquisition or easements for infill sections; Traffic analysis for crossing
locations; Budget approval; Coordination with road maintenance schedules
71
Theme 2: Accessibility and Universal Design
Establishing accessibility as a core value through immediate upgrades and adoption of universal
design standards for all future development.
2.1: Designate and Develop Priority All Persons Trails
Lead
Responsibility
Recreation Department (lead) with Public Works
Key Actions
- Identify high-priority trails connecting community facilities, schools, and high-
use areas
- Coordinate with Active Transportation Plan priority routes
- Design trails to TCT standards: 1.5-2m width, firm stable surfaces, grades ≤5%
- Install accessible trailhead facilities including parking, wayfinding, and
amenities
- Ensure accessible rest areas every 200-400m with benches, shade, smooth
surfaces
- Conduct accessibility review with community members with diverse abilities
Resource
Requirements
- Minimum 2-3 km of All Persons Trail completed to TCT standards
- Accessible parking and facilities at minimum 2 trailheads
- 100% of new trails meet accessibility requirements
- Community feedback indicates improved accessibility satisfaction
- Increased trail usage by persons with disabilities (measured through user
surveys)
Success Metrics
- Minimum 2-3 km of All Persons Trail completed to TCT standards
- Accessible parking and facilities at minimum 2 trailheads
- 100% of new trails meet accessibility requirements
- Community feedback indicates improved accessibility satisfaction
- Increased trail usage by persons with disabilities (measured through user
surveys)
Dependencies
Alignment with Active Transportation Plan; Budget approval for higher
construction costs; Partnership with accessibility advocacy groups; Training for
maintenance staff on accessible surface requirements
72
2.2: Implement Universal Design Standards for All New Trail Development
Lead
Responsibility
Development (lead) with Recreation and Public Works
Key Actions
- Formally adopt Trans Canada Trail accessibility guidelines through Council
resolution
- Develop internal design manual integrating universal design principles
- Create standard specifications for accessible rest areas, benches, and shade
structures
- Establish review process ensuring all new trails meet accessibility standards
- Design for temporary and situational disabilities (strollers, temporary injuries)
- Include accessibility review as mandatory step in all trail project approvals
Resource
Requirements
- Staff training on universal design principles
- Ongoing incremental costs for accessible design features
- Accessibility consultant review for major projects
Success Metrics
- Council adoption of TCT accessibility guidelines as minimum standard
- 100% of new trail projects designed to universal design principles
- Staff training completion rate 100%
- Design manual completed and distributed
- Zero new trails approved without accessibility compliance
Dependencies
Council approval of policy; Staff capacity for training; Integration with
development approval processes; Alignment with building and parks standards
73
2.3: Enhance Wayfinding for Diverse Abilities
Lead
Responsibility
Recreation Department (lead) with Communications
Key Actions
- Design high-contrast visual signage meeting accessibility standards
- Integrate tactile elements (raised text, braille) at key decision points
- Install QR codes linking to audio descriptions and digital navigation
- Provide comprehensive trail information: distance, grade, surface, amenities,
difficulty
- Test wayfinding system with users with diverse abilities
- Create audio description content for major trails
Resource
Requirements
- Accessible signage design and fabrication
- QR code system development and hosting
- Audio description content creation
- Digital navigation integration
- Testing and consultation with accessibility community
Success Metrics
- Multi-modal wayfinding installed at all primary trailheads
- QR codes functional
- Audio descriptions available for all major trails
- Positive feedback from accessibility community
- Increased trail usage by persons with visual or cognitive disabilities
Dependencies
Integration with overall signage system (Rec 4.1); IT infrastructure for digital
content; Partnership with accessibility technology providers; Content creation
capacity
74
Theme 3: Maintenance, Sustainability, and Trail Quality
Addressing the number one barrier to trail use through comprehensive maintenance planning and
sustainable trail design standards.
3.1: Develop Comprehensive Trail Maintenance Plan
Lead
Responsibility
Public Works (lead) with Recreation Department
Key Actions
- Establish maintenance standards for each trail classification type
- Create Trail Management Objectives (TMOs) for all existing and new trails
- Define clear maintenance responsibilities (staff, contractors, volunteers,
partners)
- Develop seasonal maintenance calendar: spring cleanup, summer inspections,
fall preparation, winter grooming
- Establish maintenance budget requirements and staffing needs
- Create maintenance tracking system to document work completed
- Develop emergency response protocols for safety hazards
Resource
Requirements
- Trail assessment and TMO development
- Maintenance management software
- Increased maintenance budget allocation based on expanded network
- Public Works staff time for plan development and implementation
Success Metrics
- Comprehensive maintenance plan adopted by Council
- TMOs completed for 100% of existing trails
- Seasonal maintenance calendar implemented
- Documented reduction in maintenance-related user complaints
- Trail condition satisfaction increases from 65% baseline
- 95% of scheduled maintenance tasks completed on time
Dependencies
Budget approval for enhanced maintenance; Staff or contractor capacity;
Equipment procurement; Integration with asset management system
75
3.2: Prioritize Sustainable Trail Design and Materials
Lead
Responsibility
Public Works (lead) with Recreation and Development
Key Actions
- Prioritize compacted crushed stone/gravel with high rock content
- Establish standards for proper drainage, appropriate grades (≤10%), erosion
control
- Identify appropriate applications for natural surfaces versus hard surfaces
- Minimize environmental impact through thoughtful trail alignment
- Document material performance for continuous improvement
Resource
Requirements
- Staff training on sustainable trail design
- Access to TCT Life Cycle Costing Tool
- Material testing and specification development
- Generally lower construction costs vs. asphalt/concrete
- Lower long-term maintenance costs through sustainable design
Success Metrics
- Sustainable design standards formally adopted
- Life Cycle Costing analysis completed for all major trail projects
- 75% of new trail surfaces use sustainable materials (crushed stone/gravel/
natural)
- Documented cost savings vs. traditional hard surface construction
- Reduced erosion and drainage issues on new trails
Dependencies
Staff buy-in for sustainable approaches; Material suppliers in region; Testing
period to validate performance; Integration with procurement policies
76
3.3: Establish Regular Inspection and Monitoring Program
Lead
Responsibility
Public Works (lead) with Recreation Department
Key Actions
- Develop standardized inspection forms
- Conduct minimum twice-annual comprehensive inspections (spring and fall)
- Establish post-weather event inspection protocols
- Track and trend trail condition data to inform budget planning
- Establish rapid response protocols for immediate safety hazards
- Create public reporting system for user-identified issues
- Document maintenance needs and prioritize based on safety and usage
Resource
Requirements
- Staff time for inspections (estimated 2-3 weeks annually)
- Repair budget based on inspection findings
- Public reporting system integration
Success Metrics
- 100% of trail network inspected twice annually minimum
- Inspection data documented in tracking system
- Safety hazards addressed within 48 hours of identification
- Maintenance work orders generated from 100% of inspections
- Trail condition trends inform annual budget planning
- User-reported issues responded to within 5 business days
Dependencies
Staff training on inspection protocols; Mobile device/app setup; Integration with
work order system; Rapid response capacity for safety issues
77
3.4: Implement Winter Trail Maintenance Strategy
Lead
Responsibility
Public Works (lead) with Recreation Department
Key Actions
- Designate priority trails for winter grooming (walking, fat biking, cross-country
skiing)
- Evaluate equipment needs for winter maintenance (grooming machines,
attachments)
- Develop winter maintenance schedule and budget requirements
- Create communication system for seasonal trail conditions and closures
- Balance winter recreation demand with budget realities and snow
management priorities
- Establish protocols for ice management and snow depth on groomed trails
- Partner with winter recreation groups for specialized grooming
Resource
Requirements
- Winter grooming equipment
- Seasonal maintenance budget ($5,000-$15,000 per winter)
- Staff time for winter operations
- Potential partnership agreements with user groups
Success Metrics
- Winter maintenance strategy adopted
- Minimum 2-3 trails designated and groomed for winter use
- Real-time winter trail condition information available online
- User satisfaction with winter trail access (target 70%+)
- Increased winter trail usage (measured through trail counters)
- Partnership agreements with minimum 1 winter recreation organization
Dependencies
Equipment procurement and storage; Staff capacity during winter months;
Partnership development with winter recreation groups; Budget allocation for
seasonal operations
78
Theme 4: Wayfinding, Signage, and Trail Information
4.1: Develop Comprehensive Trail Signage and Wayfinding System
Lead
Responsibility
Recreation Department (lead) with Communications
Key Actions
- Adopt Trans Canada Trail Signage Best Practices Guidelines
- Create unified visual identity and branding for Grand Bay-Westfield trail
system
- Design signage meeting all accessibility standards (contrast, text size, tactile
elements)
- Develop sign families: trailhead ID signs, directional signs, regulatory signs,
interpretive signs
- Create signage standards manual for consistent future implementation
- Phase installation prioritizing highest-use trails and key decision points
- Establish signage maintenance and replacement protocols
Resource
Requirements
- Signage design and branding
- Sign fabrication costs
- Installation costs
- Estimated 50-100 signs needed system-wide
- Signage standards manual development
Success Metrics
- Unified signage system designed and adopted
- 100% of trail network signed with consistent system
- Trail awareness barrier reduced from 21% baseline
- User wayfinding satisfaction (target 85%+)
- Reduction in user-reported wayfinding issues
- Standards manual guiding all future signage
Dependencies
Integration with accessibility wayfinding (Rec 2.3); Budget approval for
comprehensive rollout; Installation coordination with trail maintenance; Brand
identity development
79
4.2: Install High-Quality Trailhead Information Boards
Lead
Responsibility
Recreation Department (lead) with Development
Key Actions
- Design weather-resistant trailhead information board template
- Include trail system map
- Display individual trail information: distances, difficulty, surface types,
accessibility
- List key destinations and connections
- Include safety information and emergency contacts
- Add Leave No Trace principles and trail etiquette guidelines
- Integrate QR codes linking to digital resources and real-time trail conditions
- Establish commitment and process for keeping information current
Resource
Requirements
- Trailhead board design and template
- Board fabrication and installation
- Estimated 8-12 primary trailheads
- Annual content updates and maintenance
- Map design and updates
Success Metrics
- High-quality information boards installed at all primary trailheads
- 100% of boards include current, accurate information
- QR codes functional with links to digital resources
- Information updated minimum annually
- User feedback indicates boards are helpful (target 90%+)
- Reduction in information-related user inquiries to Recreation Department
Dependencies
Map design capacity; QR code digital infrastructure; Content management
process; Weather-resistant materials sourcing; Installation coordination
80
4.3: Implement Consistent Trail Marking and Directional Signage
Lead
Responsibility
Public Works (lead) with Recreation Department
Key Actions
- Establish trail marking standards (blazes, markers, symbols) consistent across
network
- Install directional signage at all trail intersections with distances and
destinations
- Implement consistent color coding or symbols for trail types/difficulty levels
- Ensure markers visible in both directions of travel
- Install markers at appropriate intervals (every 100-200m on longer trails)
- Create standards for intersection signage showing options and distances
- Coordinate trail marking with overall signage system (Rec 4.1)
Resource
Requirements
- Trail marking system design
- Trail markers/blazes
- Estimated 500-800 markers needed
- Directional signs at intersections
- Estimated 30-50 intersection locations
- Installation labor included in signage program
Success Metrics
- Trail marking standards established and documented
- 100% of trail network consistently marked
- Directional signage at 100% of trail intersections
- User confidence in wayfinding
- Reduction in rescue/assistance calls related to trail navigation
- Positive user feedback on trail marking clarity
Dependencies
Coordination with comprehensive signage system (Rec 4.1); Alignment with TCT
standards; Installation timing with trail construction; Ongoing maintenance plan
81
Theme 5: Community Engagement and Partnerships
Establishing governance structures and communication systems to support long-term trail
stewardship and community ownership.
5.1: Establish Multi-Stakeholder Trails Advisory Committee
Lead
Responsibility
Recreation Department (lead) with Council
Key Actions
- Draft Terms of Reference defining committee purpose, membership, and
authority
- Recruit diverse representation: Council, Town staff (Recreation, Public Works,
Planning), trail user groups, environmental organizations, businesses/tourism,
schools/youth, Indigenous community, neighboring municipalities
- Establish meeting schedule (quarterly minimum)
- Define committee responsibilities: guide TMP implementation, advise on trail
design/policy, recommend prioritization, resolve user conflicts, review annual
progress
- Create subcommittees for specific themes as needed
- Develop annual work plan aligned with implementation priorities
Resource
Requirements
- Staff time for committee coordination
- Meeting space and materials
- Minor budget for community engagement
- No member stipends (volunteer basis)
Success Metrics
- Trails Advisory Committee established with adopted Terms of Reference
- Diverse membership representing all stakeholder categories
- Minimum 4 meetings annually (quarterly)
- Committee provides input on 100% of major trail decisions
- Annual work plan guides implementation priorities
- Committee satisfaction with process and influence (target 80%+)
Dependencies
Council approval of Terms of Reference; Successful recruitment of committed
members; Staff capacity for coordination; Alignment with other municipal
advisory bodies
82
5.2: Develop Formal Trail Partnership Framework
Lead
Responsibility
Recreation Department (lead)
Key Actions
- Develop partnership framework template defining roles, responsibilities,
expectations
- Identify potential partner organizations: running clubs, cycling clubs, outdoor
recreation groups, accessibility organizations, environmental groups
- Create partnership agreement templates for different types of partnerships
(maintenance, programming, advocacy, funding)
- Establish recognition and celebration mechanisms for partner contributions
- Develop mutual benefit propositions for partner recruitment
- Create partnership reporting and accountability processes
- Hold annual partner appreciation event
Resource
Requirements
- Partnership framework development
- Partnership coordinator staff time
- Annual partner appreciation event
- Partnership support budget
Success Metrics
- Partnership framework adopted by Council
- Minimum 5 active partnership agreements established
- Partner contributions documented (volunteer hours, funding, in-kind)
- Partner satisfaction with framework (target 85%+)
- Increased capacity for trail maintenance/programming through partnerships
- Annual partner appreciation event held with good attendance
Dependencies
Legal review of partnership agreements; Insurance considerations; Staff capacity
for relationship management; Identification of committed partner organizations
83
5.3: Launch Robust Trail Communication and Marketing Strategy
Lead
Responsibility
Communications Department (lead) with Recreation
Key Actions
- Establish regular social media content (Facebook, Instagram) highlighting trail
features, seasonal conditions, events
- Create email newsletter for trail updates, programs, and seasonal information
- Install trail awareness signage at community facilities and key locations
- Develop Trail of the Month series showcasing different trails and activities
- Feature trails in municipal communications (e.g., Town newsletter, website)
- Create photo/video content library for promotional use
- Engage local influencers and trail ambassadors
- Coordinate with local media for trail-related news and features
Resource
Requirements
- Communication strategy development
- Content creation
- Social media management
- Email newsletter platform
- Print materials and signage
- Trail ambassador program coordination
Success Metrics
- Communication strategy adopted and implemented
- Minimum 2-3 social media posts per week about trails
- Quarterly email newsletter distributed to subscribers
- Trail awareness increases from 79% baseline (target 90%+)
- Social media engagement metrics increase 50% year-over-year
- Email newsletter subscriber base grows to 500+ households
- Website trail page traffic increases 100% over baseline
Dependencies
Staff capacity for content creation and management; Photography/videography
resources; Integration with overall municipal communications; Social media
platform management
84
Theme 6: Environmental Stewardship and Climate Resilience
Ensuring all new trail development protects sensitive ecosystems and supports biodiversity
conservation.
6.1: Conduct Environmental Assessments for All New Trail Development
Lead
Responsibility
Development (lead) with Recreation
Key Actions
Resource
Requirements
Success Metrics
Dependencies
6.2: Protect and Enhance Wildlife Corridors
Lead
Responsibility
Key Actions
Resource
Requirements
Success Metrics
Dependencies
6.3: Establish Riparian Buffer Zones
Lead
Responsibility
Development (lead) with Public Works
Key Actions
Resource
Requirements
Success Metrics
Dependencies
85
Theme 7: Environmental Stewardship and Climate Resilience
Ensuring all new trail development protects sensitive ecosystems and supports biodiversity
conservation.
7.1: Conduct Environmental Assessments for All New Trail Development
Lead
Responsibility
Development (lead) with Recreation
Key Actions
- Develop environmental screening protocol for all new trail corridors
- Identify sensitive habitats, species at risk, and ecological significance areas
- Map wildlife corridors and movement patterns
- Assess wetlands, riparian areas, and water crossings
- Evaluate steep slopes prone to erosion and geological hazards
- Apply mitigation hierarchy: avoid, minimize, restore
- Require professional environmental assessment for high-sensitivity corridors
- Integrate Indigenous ecological knowledge where appropriate
Resource
Requirements
- Environmental screening protocol development
- GIS mapping and ecological data compilation
- Professional environmental assessments for new corridors
- Staff training on screening process
- Ongoing screening staff time built into project timelines
Success Metrics
- Environmental screening protocol adopted
- 100% of new trail corridors screened for environmental impacts
- Zero new trails approved in high-sensitivity areas without mitigation
- Environmental assessment recommendations implemented in trail design
- Documentation of avoided impacts and implemented mitigation measures
- No trail-related environmental violations or incidents
Dependencies
Access to ecological mapping data; Environmental expertise (staff or consultant);
Integration with municipal environmental policies; Coordination with provincial
regulations
86
7.2: Protect and Enhance Wildlife Corridors
Lead
Responsibility
Planning Department (lead) with Recreation and Conservation Partners
Key Actions
- Identify and map critical wildlife corridors and connectivity zones
- Avoid trail development through key connectivity zones where possible
- For necessary corridor crossings: minimize trail width and impact, create
wildlife passage structures where appropriate, implement seasonal closures
during sensitive periods (breeding, migration), use education and signage to
minimize wildlife disturbance
- Establish buffer zones around sensitive wildlife areas
- Monitor wildlife use of corridors and trail impacts
- Adapt management strategies based on monitoring data
Resource
Requirements
- Wildlife corridor mapping
- Wildlife passage structures if needed
- Monitoring equipment (trail cameras, etc.)
- Signage for seasonal closures and wildlife sensitivity Partnership
development with conservation organizations
Success Metrics
- Critical wildlife corridors mapped and documented
- Trail planning decisions avoid 100% of critical corridors unless mitigated
- Wildlife passage structures installed where trails cross corridors
- Monitoring data shows no significant wildlife displacement
- Seasonal closure protocols established and enforced
- Partnership with minimum 1 conservation organization for monitoring
Dependencies
Ecological expertise for corridor mapping; Collaboration with provincial wildlife
agencies; Partnership with conservation organizations; Long-term monitoring
capacity
87
7.3: Establish Riparian Buffer Zones
Lead
Responsibility
Development (lead) with Public Works
Key Actions
- Establish minimum buffer requirements: 30m for most waterbodies, 400m for
amphibian habitat, greater buffers for sensitive fish habitat
- Map all waterbodies, streams, ponds, wetlands within trail planning area
- Design trails to avoid direct impacts to riparian vegetation
- Identify existing trails requiring realignment or restoration
- Develop restoration plans for degraded riparian areas impacted by historical
trails
- Create educational signage about riparian zone importance
- Monitor and enforce buffer compliance
Resource
Requirements
- Waterbody mapping and buffer zone delineation
- Policy development and adoption
- Trail realignment costs where needed
- Riparian restoration for degraded areas
- Signage and education materials
Success Metrics
- Riparian buffer zone policy adopted
- All waterbodies mapped with appropriate buffers delineated
- 100% of new trails comply with buffer requirements
- Restoration plans completed for priority degraded riparian areas
- Minimum 2 riparian restoration projects completed
- Improved riparian vegetation quality measured at trail-adjacent areas
Dependencies
Ecological expertise for buffer zone delineation; Council adoption of policy;
Budget for trail realignment if needed; Restoration ecology partnerships;
Integration with watershed planning
88
Priority 2 Recommendations - Years 4-7
(Enhancement and Expansion)
Priority 2 recommendations build upon the established foundation with enhancement projects
that diversify trail offerings, strengthen community engagement, and improve the quality of trail
experiences. These 16 recommendations expand the trail network, retrofit existing trails for improved
accessibility, develop volunteer and partnership programs, and create specialized trail experiences.
Theme 1: Trail Network Expansion and Connectivity
1.3: Create Multi-Use Trail Corridor Along Key Transportation Routes
Lead
Responsibility
Development (lead) with Public Works and Active Transportation
Key Actions
- Coordinate with Active Transportation Plan (ATP) recommendations
- Evaluate opportunities along River Valley Drive for trail development
- Assess other major roads identified in ATP for trail potential
- Conduct traffic analysis and safety assessments for roadside trails
- Design separated multi-use paths providing both recreation and
transportation benefits
- Prioritize corridors that enhance connectivity to priority destinations
- Develop phased construction plan aligned with road reconstruction schedules
Resource
Requirements
- Design and engineering for priority segments
- Construction costs
- Coordination with road maintenance/reconstruction schedules
- Potential grant funding through active transportation programs
Success Metrics
- Comprehensive evaluation of multi-use corridor opportunities completed
- Priority corridor segments identified and ranked
- Detailed design completed for minimum 2 km of corridor
- Construction initiated on first corridor segment
- Integration with Active Transportation Plan priorities
- Grant applications submitted for funding
Dependencies
Coordination with Active Transportation Plan; Alignment with road reconstruction
schedules; Budget approval for capital construction; Provincial/federal funding
opportunities; Traffic impact assessment
89
Theme 2: Accessibility and Universal Design
2.4: Develop Neuro-Inclusive Trail Design Features
Lead
Responsibility
Recreation Department (lead) with Development
Key Actions
- Create designated quiet zones along trails with reduced visual stimulation
- Use consistent, predictable design patterns throughout trail network
- Avoid bright, overwhelming signage; opt for calming colors and simple
graphics
- Develop sensory-rich zones with varied natural textures where appropriate
- Incorporate predictable wayfinding and clear expectations
- Provide advance notice of trail changes or features
- Consult with neurodiverse community members in design process
Resource
Requirements
- Research and consultation with neurodiverse community
- Neuro-inclusive design guideline development
- Incremental costs for specialized signage and design features
- Training for design staff on neuro-inclusive principles
Success Metrics
- Neuro-inclusive design guidelines developed and adopted
- Quiet zones designated on minimum 2 trails
- Sensory-rich zones created in appropriate locations
- Feedback from neurodiverse trail users indicates improved experience
- Staff trained on neuro-inclusive design principles
- Guidelines integrated into standard design manual
Dependencies
Consultation with autism/neurodiversity advocacy organizations; Research on
best practices; Budget for specialized features; Ongoing community engagement
90
2.5: Conduct Accessibility Audit of Existing Trail Network
Lead
Responsibility
Recreation Department (lead) with Accessibility Advocates
Key Actions
- Systematically evaluate all existing trails against Universal Design Standards
- Engage residents with diverse abilities in audit process through participatory
assessment
- Document accessibility barriers: surface quality, grades, width, amenities,
access points
- Prioritize improvements based on usage levels, community importance, retrofit
feasibility
- Develop multi-year retrofit plan with cost estimates
- Identify quick wins vs. major capital projects
- Begin implementing highest priority and most feasible improvements
Resource
Requirements
- Professional accessibility audit
- Community engagement and participatory assessment
- Multi-year retrofit planning
- Retrofit implementation costs
- Potential grant funding for accessibility improvements
Success Metrics
- Comprehensive accessibility audit completed for 100% of existing trails
- Multi-year retrofit plan adopted by Council
- Minimum 2-3 existing trails retrofitted to improved accessibility standards
- Priority barriers addressed on high-use trails
- User satisfaction with accessibility improvements
- Grant applications submitted for retrofit funding
Dependencies
Budget for audit and retrofits; Partnership with disability advocacy organizations;
Prioritization framework; Potential external funding; Community engagement
capacity
2.6: Establish Inclusive Recreation Programming
91
Lead
Responsibility
Recreation Department (lead)
Key Actions
- Partner with community organizations serving persons with diverse abilities
- Offer guided trail experiences designed for specific accessibility needs
- Develop inclusive signage and educational materials in multiple formats (large
print, braille, audio, plain language)
- Train recreation staff and volunteers on inclusive programming
- Create adaptive equipment lending library if appropriate (e.g., trail
wheelchairs)
- Host inclusive trail events and celebrations
- Develop mentorship/buddy programs connecting experienced users with
newcomers
Resource
Requirements
- Partnership development and coordination
- Inclusive program delivery
- Adaptive equipment if pursued
- Staff/volunteer training
- Multi-format educational materials
- Event costs
Success Metrics
- Partnerships established with minimum 2 disability/accessibility organizations
- Minimum 6 inclusive programs delivered annually
- Participation by persons with diverse abilities in programs
- Educational materials available in minimum 3 formats
- Staff/volunteer training completion rate 100%
- Participant satisfaction ratings (target 90%+)
Dependencies
Partnership development with disability organizations; Staff training capacity;
Program development expertise; Accessible program promotion; Potential
adaptive equipment procurement
92
Theme 3: Maintenance, Sustainability, and Trail Quality
3.5: Develop Trail Stewardship and Volunteer Program
Lead
Responsibility
Recreation Department (lead)
Key Actions
- Recruit and train community volunteers for light maintenance and monitoring
- Establish Adopt-a-Trail program for community groups, businesses, families
- Provide training on trail maintenance, invasive species removal, monitoring
- Organize regular trail clean-up and maintenance events (seasonal)
- Create volunteer recognition and celebration program
- Develop volunteer management tools and tracking systems
- Provide volunteers with supplies, tools, and insurance coverage
Resource
Requirements
- Volunteer program development
- Volunteer coordinator staff time
- Insurance coverage for volunteers
- Annual volunteer appreciation event
Success Metrics
- Volunteer stewardship program launched
- 50+ active volunteers engaged in trail stewardship
- Minimum 500 volunteer hours contributed annually
- 4 seasonal trail maintenance events held annually
- Volunteer satisfaction ratings (target 85%+)
- Documented reduction in municipal maintenance costs through volunteer
contributions
Dependencies
Volunteer coordinator capacity; Liability insurance for volunteers; Training
program development; Volunteer recruitment and retention strategy; Recognition
program design
93
Theme 4: Wayfinding, Signage, and Trail Information
4.4: Create Interpretive Signage and Storytelling Opportunities
Lead
Responsibility
Recreation Department (lead) with Heritage and Indigenous Partners
Key Actions
- Develop interpretive signage highlighting natural history and ecology of
region
- Share Indigenous history and cultural heritage with appropriate permissions
and protocols
- Feature community history and heritage
- Provide wildlife and habitat information to enhance nature appreciation
- Engage local historians, naturalists, and Indigenous knowledge keepers in
content development
- Use QR codes to provide deeper digital content without cluttering physical
signage
- Create audio interpretation files for enhanced accessibility
- Develop educational resources for schools and families
Resource
Requirements
- Research and content development
- Indigenous community engagement and cultural protocols
- Interpretive signage design and fabrication
- Digital content creation
- QR code integration and hosting
- Educational resource development
Success Metrics
- Interpretive content developed in respectful partnership with Indigenous
community
- Minimum 10-15 interpretive signs installed throughout trail network
- Digital content accessible via QR codes on all interpretive signs
- Audio interpretation available for key stories
- Educational resources used by schools and families
- User feedback indicates interpretive content enhances experience (target
85%+)
- Respectful cultural protocol followed throughout
Dependencies
Partnership and protocol development with Indigenous community; Historical
research capacity; Naturalist/ecologist expertise; Content writing and design;
Cultural sensitivity and approval processes
94
4.5: Develop Digital Trail Resources and Real-Time Information
Lead
Responsibility
IT Department (lead) with Recreation and Communications
Key Actions
- Create dedicated trails section on Town website with interactive digital maps
- Provide downloadable trail guides and GPX files for navigation apps
- Establish real-time trail conditions and closure information system
- Create photo galleries and virtual trail tours
- List trails on major platforms (AllTrails, Trailforks, Google Maps)
- Develop mobile-friendly trail app or partner with existing platforms
- Use social media to communicate trail conditions, events, and highlights
- Enable user-generated content and trail condition reports
Resource
Requirements
- Website development and trail page design
- Real-time conditions system
- Photo/video content creation
- Mobile app development OR platform partnership
- IT support and maintenance
Success Metrics
- Dedicated trails webpage launched with interactive maps
- Trail information listed on AllTrails, Trailforks, Google Maps
- Real-time trail conditions updated weekly minimum (daily during high-use
seasons)
- Website traffic to trails page (target 1,000+ visits monthly)
- Trail app OR strong platform partnership established
- Social media engagement on trail content increases 100%
- User-generated content and reports integrated into system
Dependencies
IT capacity for web development and maintenance; GIS expertise for mapping;
Photo/video content library; Social media management; Platform partnership
negotiations; User engagement strategy
95
Theme 5: Community Engagement and Partnerships
5.4: Implement Friends of Grand Bay-Westfield Trails Volunteer Program
Lead
Responsibility
Recreation Department (lead)
Key Actions
- Establish structured volunteer program with training, recognition, community-
building
- Recruit volunteers for trail monitoring and light maintenance, guided hikes and
interpretive programming, invasive species management, trail counters and
user surveys, events and special projects
- Provide training workshops on trail maintenance, ecology, safety,
interpretation
- Create volunteer roles at different commitment levels (flexible for diverse
participants)
- Develop volunteer handbook and onboarding materials
- Host annual volunteer appreciation event and regular recognition
- Build community among volunteers through social events and team-building
Resource
Requirements
- Research and content development
- Indigenous community engagement and cultural protocols
- Interpretive signage design and fabrication
- Digital content creation
- QR code integration and hosting
- Educational resource development
Success Metrics
- Interpretive content developed in respectful partnership with Indigenous
community
- Minimum 10-15 interpretive signs installed throughout trail network
- Digital content accessible via QR codes on all interpretive signs
- Audio interpretation available for key stories
- Educational resources used by schools and families
- User feedback indicates interpretive content enhances experience (target
85%+)
- Respectful cultural protocol followed throughout
Dependencies
Partnership and protocol development with Indigenous community; Historical
research capacity; Naturalist/ecologist expertise; Content writing and design;
Cultural sensitivity and approval processes
96
5.5: Develop School and Youth Engagement Programs
Lead
Responsibility
Recreation Department (lead) with School District
Key Actions
- Partner with Grand Bay-Westfield Elementary and Middle Schools
- Integrate trail use into curriculum: outdoor education and nature studies,
active transportation initiatives (walk/bike to school), trail stewardship and
environmental monitoring, Indigenous history and ecology learning
- Engage youth in trail design process through participatory planning exercises
- Create youth leadership opportunities (junior trail ambassadors, youth
advisory roles)
- Develop age-appropriate educational resources and field trip guides
- Support teacher professional development on outdoor education
- Host youth trail events and challenges
Resource
Requirements
- School partnership development
- Educational resource and curriculum development
- Teacher professional development workshops
- Youth programming delivery
- Youth trail ambassador program
- Field trip support and materials
- Youth events and challenges
Success Metrics
- Partnership agreements with both Grand Bay-Westfield schools
- Curriculum-linked trail programs available for all grades
- Minimum 10 school field trips to trails annually
- Youth trail ambassador program with 10-15 active participants
- Teacher professional development sessions held annually
- Youth participation in trail planning processes
- Positive feedback from teachers and students (target 85%+)
Dependencies
School district partnership and buy-in; Curriculum development expertise;
Teacher engagement; Youth programming capacity; Coordination with school
calendars; Transportation logistics for field trips
97
5.6: Strengthen Regional Trail Partnerships
Lead
Responsibility
Recreation Department (lead) with CAO
Key Actions
- Collaborate with neighbouring municipalities (Saint John, Quispamsis,
Rothesay) on shared priorities
- Participate in Regional Service Commission trail planning initiatives
- Share resources, expertise, and best practices across region
- Pursue joint funding opportunities (federal/provincial programs)
- Coordinate regional trail marketing and promotion
- Explore shared maintenance agreements or equipment
- Align trail standards and wayfinding across region for seamless user
experience
Resource
Requirements
- Regional partnership coordination
- Joint planning initiatives
- Regional marketing materials
- Participation in regional forums and committees (travel, meeting time)
- Potential shared equipment or resource purchases (highly variable)
Success Metrics
- Formal regional trail partnership framework established
- Participation in minimum 2 regional trail initiatives
- Joint funding applications submitted for regional projects
- Shared resources agreement established (e.g., expertise, equipment, training)
- Regional trail marketing materials developed and distributed
- Cross-municipality trail connections identified and planned
- Best practices shared through regular regional meetings
Dependencies
Political will for regional collaboration; Staff time for coordination; Alignment
of priorities across municipalities; Regional Service Commission engagement;
Shared funding mechanisms
98
5.7: Host Community Trail Events
Lead
Responsibility
Recreation Department (lead) with Community Partners
Key Actions
- Organize annual signature trail events: trail opening celebrations for new
sections, seasonal guided hikes (spring wildflowers, fall colours, winter
snowshoe), trail races and challenges (fun runs, bike events, trail clean-up
competitions), National/International observances (National Trails Day, Parks
Day)
- Partner with community organizations to deliver events (running clubs, nature
groups, schools)
- Use events to build community, educate users, celebrate trails
- Create volunteer opportunities through event planning and delivery
- Promote events through all communication channels
- Evaluate event success and participant feedback for continuous improvement
Resource
Requirements
- Event planning and coordination
- Event materials and supplies
- Marketing and promotion
- Potential event equipment or rentals
Success Metrics
- Annual trail events calendar established
- Minimum 6 trail events delivered annually
- Growing event participation year-over-year (target 20% annual increase)
- Partnerships with minimum 3 community organizations for event delivery
- Event participant satisfaction (target 90%+)
- Media coverage of signature trail events
- Events contribute to community engagement and trail awareness
Dependencies
Event planning capacity; Partnership development; Permits and insurance;
Volunteer coordination; Marketing resources; Weather contingency planning
99
Theme 6: Diversity of Trail Experiences and Activities
6.2: Evaluate Motorized Use Policy and Designated Areas
Lead
Responsibility
Recreation Department (lead) with Public Works, Development and CAO
Key Actions
- Conduct thorough assessment of demand for motorized trail use (ATVs,
e-bikes, snowmobiles)
- Evaluate potential for designated motorized trail areas that minimize user
conflicts, protect sensitive environmental areas, meet provincial regulations
and insurance requirements, have sustainable design and maintenance plans
- Establish clear policies on e-bikes including class distinctions and where
permitted
- Evaluate seasonal motorized use options (e.g., snowmobile trails in winter)
- Consider enforcement mechanisms and signage needs
- Engage with motorized recreation community and non-motorized users
- Research best practices from other municipalities
Resource
Requirements
- Legal review of policy implications
- Insurance assessment and cost implications
- Policy development
- Pilot program costs if approved (highly variable depending on scope)
Success Metrics
- Clear motorized recreational vehicle use policy established for trail network
- Policy recommendations presented to Council
- If approved: motorized use areas designated and pilot program launched
- User conflict management strategy developed
- Enforcement protocols established
Dependencies
Community engagement with diverse user groups; Legal and insurance review;
Provincial regulatory compliance; Council decision-making on policy direction;
Potential pilot program design
100
6.3: Create Designated Dog-Friendly Trail Areas
Lead
Responsibility
Recreation Department (lead) with Public Works and Development
Key Actions
- Establish clear comprehensive dog policies
- Designate specific on-leash trails with clear signage
- Explore potential for designated off-leash trail areas (if appropriate locations
exist)
- Install dog waste stations at key access points and along high-use trails
- Develop education campaign about responsible dog ownership on trails
- Consider partnership with local veterinary clinic or pet businesses for support
- Establish enforcement protocols for leash requirements and waste disposal
- Monitor and address user conflicts related to dogs on trails
Resource
Requirements
- Dog policy development and community engagement
- Dog waste stations
- Off-leash area development if pursued
- Dog trail signage
- Education campaign materials
- By-law enforcement resources
Success Metrics
- Comprehensive dog policy established and approved
- Dog waste stations installed at minimum 15 locations
- Clear signage indicating on-leash/off-leash requirements on all trails
- Off-leash area(s) established if feasible and approved
- Education campaign reaching dog owners
- Reduction in dog waste and leash-related complaints
- Partnership established with minimum 1 local pet business or veterinary clinic
Dependencies
Community engagement with dog owners and non-dog users; Suitable locations
for off-leash areas; Budget for waste stations and maintenance; By-law
enforcement capacity; Partnership development
101
6.3: Create Designated Dog-Friendly Trail Areas
Lead
Responsibility
Recreation Department (lead) with Environmental Partners
Key Actions
- Enhance nature appreciation opportunities
- Identify trails with high natural/ecological value for interpretive focus
- Create wildlife viewing areas and bird watching opportunities
- Develop nature interpretation programs and guided walks
- Install interpretive signage on flora, fauna, ecology, geology (coordinate with
Rec 4.4)
- Establish partnerships with naturalist groups, environmental educators,
conservation organizations
- Create educational resources for self-guided nature exploration
- Develop seasonal nature programming (spring wildflowers, fall migration,
winter tracking)
Resource
Requirements
- Ecological assessment of trail areas
- Wildlife viewing infrastructure (benches, viewing platforms)
- Nature interpretation program development
- Guided walk programming
- Educational resources and field guides
- Partnership development with environmental organizations
- Naturalist training for guides/volunteers
Success Metrics
- Minimum 3-5 trails designated for nature interpretation focus
- Wildlife viewing areas established at 2-3 locations
- Interpretive programming delivered (minimum 10 guided walks annually)
- Educational resources available for all nature-focus trails
- Partnerships with minimum 2 environmental/naturalist organizations
- Increased user engagement with nature appreciation aspects
- Participant satisfaction with nature programs (target 90%+)
Dependencies
Ecological expertise; Partnership development with environmental groups;
Naturalist guide capacity; Interpretive material development; Coordination with
interpretive signage program (Rec 4.4)
102
6.5: Enhance Winter Trail Opportunities
Lead
Responsibility
Recreation Department (lead) with Public Works
Key Actions
- Develop comprehensive winter trail strategy building on Priority 1 winter
maintenance (Rec 3.4)
- Expand groomed multi-use trails for walking, fat biking, cross-country skiing
- Develop snowshoe-specific trails through natural areas
- Implement clear winter wayfinding and condition reporting system
- Create winter trail map highlighting groomed vs. ungroomed trails
- Partner with winter recreation groups for specialized grooming and
programming
- Explore winter trail lighting for early morning/evening use on key trails
- Host winter trail events and programming
Resource
Requirements
- Winter strategy development
- Expanded grooming operations Winter trail lighting
- Winter wayfinding and mapping
- Winter programming delivery
- Partnership coordination with winter recreation groups
- Winter trail counters for usage monitoring
Success Metrics
- Comprehensive winter trail strategy adopted
- Groomed trail network expanded to 5-10 km
- Winter trail map distributed and available online
- Real-time winter conditions reporting system operational
- Winter trail lighting installed on minimum 1 priority trail if approved
- Partnership with minimum 1 winter recreation organization
- Winter trail usage increases 50% over baseline
- Winter programming delivered (minimum 6 events/programs annually)
Dependencies
Budget for expanded winter operations; Equipment procurement and
maintenance; Partnership with winter recreation groups; Lighting infrastructure if
pursued; Winter condition monitoring capacity
103
6.6: Establish Trail Etiquette and User Conflict Management
Lead
Responsibility
Recreation Department (lead)
Key Actions
- Develop and communicate clear trail etiquette guidelines: right-of-way rules
(walkers have priority over cyclists, uphill users have priority, yield to horses),
speed expectations on shared trails, passing protocols and communication,
Leave No Trace principles, responsible dog ownership
- Install trail etiquette signage at trailheads and key decision points
- Address conflicts through design solutions where appropriate (separate trails,
directional trails, designated use trails)
- Create user education campaign across all communication channels
- Monitor user feedback and conflict reports
- Adapt policies and management strategies based on experience and data
- Establish mediation process for persistent conflicts
Resource
Requirements
- Trail etiquette guideline development
- Etiquette signage design and fabrication
- Education campaign delivery
- User survey and conflict monitoring
- Design modifications to address conflicts (variable, case-by-case)
- Mediation or facilitation services if needed
Success Metrics
- Trail etiquette guidelines established and widely communicated
- Etiquette signage installed at all trailheads and key locations
- User awareness of etiquette guidelines (target 80%+ in surveys)
- Documented reduction in user conflict reports
- Design modifications implemented where conflicts persist
- User satisfaction with trail experience maintained or improved
- Clear conflict resolution process established
Dependencies
Community engagement on etiquette standards; Signage coordination with
overall system; Education campaign delivery; Conflict monitoring system;
Mediation capacity if needed
104
Theme 7: Environmental Stewardship and Climate Resilience
7.4: Design for Climate Resilience and Adaptation
Lead
Responsibility
Development (lead) with Public Works
Key Actions
- Consider projected climate change impacts in trail design: increased
precipitation and flooding events, more intense storms and weather
variability, warmer temperatures affecting seasonal use patterns
- Design drainage systems for higher-intensity rainfall events
- Elevate trails in flood-prone areas or design for periodic inundation
- Select plant species and trail materials adapted to changing climate
conditions
- Plan for longer shoulder seasons and changing winter recreation patterns
- Incorporate climate adaptation best practices from Trans Canada Trail
resources
- Monitor climate impacts on existing trails and document adaptation needs
Resource
Requirements
- Climate resilience design standards development
- Climate impact assessment for trail corridors
- Enhanced drainage infrastructure costs (10-20% premium on standard design)
- Climate-adapted materials and plantings (variable costs)
- Staff training on climate adaptation design
- Monitoring and documentation system
Success Metrics
- Climate resilience design standards adopted
- 100% of new trails designed with climate adaptation considerations
- Enhanced drainage systems installed on all new/retrofitted trails
- Climate-adapted plant species used in landscaping and restoration
- Monitoring system tracking climate impacts on trail infrastructure
- Reduced trail closures due to flooding or weather events
- Documentation of climate adaptation measures and effectiveness
Dependencies
Climate science expertise; Engineering capacity for enhanced drainage; Access
to climate projection data; Staff training on adaptation design; Monitoring and
documentation capacity
105
7.5: Use Trails as Carbon Sequestration and Biodiversity Tool
Lead
Responsibility
Recreation Department (lead) with Development and Environmental Partners
Key Actions
- Utilize Trans Canada Trail Tree Planting Resource Guide for native plantings
along trails
- Create pollinator corridors along trail edges with native wildflowers and
grasses
- Design trails to enhance rather than fragment habitat where possible
- Use trails as education platform for climate action and environmental
stewardship
- Partner with environmental organizations for planting and monitoring
- Engage volunteers and community groups in planting events
- Document carbon sequestration and biodiversity benefits
- Integrate interpretive signage on climate action and ecosystem services
Resource
Requirements
- Planting strategy development
- Native trees, shrubs, wildflowers
- Planting events and volunteer coordination
- Partnership development with environmental organizations
- Monitoring and documentation
- Educational signage and materials
- Access to TCT Tree Planting Resource Guide (free resource)
Success Metrics
- Planting and biodiversity enhancement strategy adopted
- Minimum 500 native trees/shrubs planted along trails
- Pollinator corridors established along minimum 2 km of trails
- Partnership with minimum 1 environmental organization for planting/
monitoring
- Community planting events with volunteer participation
- Documented biodiversity improvements in trail-adjacent areas
- Educational interpretation on climate action available on trails
- Carbon sequestration benefits calculated and communicated
Dependencies
Access to TCT Tree Planting Resource Guide; Partnership with environmental
organizations; Native plant sourcing; Volunteer coordination; Monitoring
expertise; Educational content development
106
Priority 3 Recommendations - Years 8-10
(Long-Term Vision and Optimization)
Priority 3 recommendations advance the long-term vision for Grand Bay-Westfield's trail network
through regional connectivity and sophisticated visitor use management. These recommendations
focus on system optimization, regional collaboration, and ensuring trails continue to meet community
needs into the future.
Theme 1: Trail Network Expansion and Connectivity
1.4: Explore Regional Trail Connections
Lead
Responsibility
Recreation Department (lead)
Key Actions
- Investigate partnerships with neighbouring municipalities and Regional
Service Commission for trail linkages
- Connect to broader trans-provincial trail networks and tourism routes
- Evaluate feasibility of connections to Trans Canada Trail or other significant
regional trails
- Assess economic and tourism benefits of regional connectivity
- Develop cost-sharing frameworks for regional connections
- Coordinate with provincial trail planning initiatives
- Create regional trail marketing opportunities
- Plan for long-term regional trail network vision
Resource
Requirements
- Regional connectivity feasibility study
- Partnership framework development
- Preliminary design for priority regional connection
- Economic impact assessment
- Regional planning coordination (staff time)
- Future construction costs for regional connections
Success Metrics
- Comprehensive regional connectivity study completed
- Partnership framework for regional connections established
- Priority regional trail connections identified and ranked
- Preliminary design completed for highest priority connection
- Economic impact of regional connectivity quantified
- Cost-sharing agreements in principle with regional partners
- Provincial/federal funding opportunities identified
- Regional trail marketing concept developed
Dependencies
Regional political will and partnership development; Cost-sharing framework;
Provincial coordination; Long-term capital funding; Tourism development
alignment; Trans Canada Trail engagement
107
Theme 3: Maintenance, Sustainability, and Trail Quality
3.6: Implement Visitor Use Management Framework
Lead
Responsibility
Recreation Department (lead) with Public Works and Development
Key Actions
- Apply Interagency Visitor Use Management (VUM) Framework to define
desired conditions and appropriate use levels for each trail
- Monitor usage patterns using trail counters, observational studies, user
surveys
- Address conflicts between different user groups through design, education,
and policy interventions
- Manage informal trail development proactively through designated trail
expansion and user education
- Establish capacity thresholds for high-use trails
- Develop adaptive management strategies to respond to changing use
patterns
- Balance conservation, recreation, and community objectives through VUM
process
Resource
Requirements
- VUM framework development and training
- Trail counter infrastructure
- User monitoring and surveying
- Data analysis and reporting
- Management intervention costs (variable depending on actions needed)
- Staff training on VUM principles and application
Success Metrics
- Visitor Use Management framework adopted
- Desired conditions defined for all trails in network
- Trail counter monitoring system operational on high-use trails
- Annual user monitoring and surveying completed
- Usage trends analyzed and reported annually
- Management interventions implemented to address overuse or conflicts
- Informal trail development managed proactively
- User satisfaction maintained while protecting trail resources
Dependencies
VUM expertise or training; Trail counter technology; Data analysis capacity;
Adaptive management framework; Staff training; Long-term monitoring
commitment
108
Endnotes
1 Grand Bay-Westfield, Grand Bay-Westfield Heritage, n.d., https://grandbaywestfield.ca/town-history/
Tourism New Brunswick, Grand Bay-Westfield, n.d., https://tourismnewbrunswick.ca/listing/town-grand-
bay-westfield
New Brunswick Health Council, 2023, https://nbhc.ca/data/community/grand-bay-westfield-westfield-
greenwich-area
Statistics Canada, The Canadian Index of Multiple Deprivation, https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/45-
20-0001/452000012023002-eng.htm
Trans Canada Trail (2021) National Guidelines for Classifying Multi-Use Trails in Canada. Retrieved from
https://tctrail.ca/national-guidelines-webinars/.