{
 "answer": "In the City of Markham, Ontario, permit required: True; applies to private property: True; protected threshold: Any tree on private property with a DBH of 20 centimetres or greater; any tree on Public Lands (no size threshold); replacement required: Replacement trees required as permit condition, calculated using Progressive Aggregate Caliper Method; where not physically possible, replacement at another location or cash-in-lieu as approved by Administrator. Source: By-law 2023-164, Tree Preservation By-law, verified 2026-08-28.",
 "municipality_id": "gx-001620",
 "municipality": "Markham",
 "status_type": "City",
 "jurisdiction": "Ontario",
 "country": "CA",
 "topic": "trees",
 "label": "Trees & tree removal",
 "status": "found",
 "last_verified": "2026-08-28",
 "official_website": "https://www.markham.ca/",
 "documents": [
  {
   "primary": true,
   "is_official": true,
   "title": "By-law 2023-164, Tree Preservation By-law",
   "category": "trees",
   "document_type": "bylaw",
   "status": "adopted",
   "adopted_date": "2023-12-13",
   "document_url": "https://www.markham.ca/sites/default/files/2025-01/By-law-2023-164.pdf",
   "summary": "Requires a permit to injure or destroy any tree on private property with a trunk diameter (DBH) of 20 cm or more, and any tree on City-owned public lands. Woodlands (at least 1 ha) and woodlots (0.2-1 ha), defined by tree-density thresholds such as 750 trees over 5 cm DBH per hectare, are exempt, as are nursery and orchard trees.",
   "discovered_by": "on-newcats",
   "discovered_at": "2026-08-29",
   "capture_sha256": "1d915156d89b4faf81b703d08a901ab0d6a06c104c18f32a1731cbe9279469a6",
   "captured_at": "2026-08-29T14:33:34+00:00",
   "capture_http_status": 200,
   "snapshot_url": "https://pub-e61c5ee2a8704225bfa8de0c280e8a2c.r2.dev/bylaws/1d915156d89b4faf81b703d08a901ab0d6a06c104c18f32a1731cbe9279469a6.pdf",
   "link_dead": false,
   "facts": {
    "permit_required": true,
    "applies_to_private_property": true,
    "protected_threshold": "Any tree on private property with a DBH of 20 centimetres or greater; any tree on Public Lands (no size threshold)",
    "replacement_required": "Replacement trees required as permit condition, calculated using Progressive Aggregate Caliper Method; where not physically possible, replacement at another location or cash-in-lieu as approved by Administrator",
    "boulevard_trees": "No person shall relocate, alter, hang, secure, or post any object to a tree on Public Lands",
    "fine_range": "First conviction: not less than $300.00 and not more than $100,000.00; continuing offence: not less than $100.00 and not more than $10,000.00 per day; second or subsequent conviction: not less than $400.00 and not more than $10,000.00; special fine may exceed $100,000.00"
   },
   "fact_citations": {
    "permit_required": "s. 4(a): \"No Person shall cause or permit the Injury or Destruction of a Tree without a Permit\"",
    "applies_to_private_property": "s. 2(a): \"any Tree located within the City on private property with a DBH of 20 centimeters or greater\"",
    "protected_threshold": "s. 2: \"any Tree located within the City on private property with a DBH of 20 centimeters or greater; and any Tree located within the City on Public Lands\"",
    "replacement_required": "s. 12(e), 12(f): requirement to plant replacement Trees calculated per Progressive Aggregate Caliper Method; cash-in-lieu where replacement not physically possible",
    "boulevard_trees": "s. 4(f), 4(g): \"No Person shall cause or permit the relocation or alteration of a Tree on Public Lands\" or \"hanging, securing, or posting of any object to a Tree on Public Lands\"",
    "fine_range": "s. 40.1, 40.2, 40.3, 41"
   },
   "transcript_url": "/ca/on/markham/trees/text-1d915156d89b/",
   "transcript_quality": "exact"
  }
 ],
 "source": "https://govanswers.org/ca/on/markham/trees/"
}