{
 "answer": "In the City of Norfolk, Ontario, permit required: True; applies to private property: True; protected threshold: Trees in Woodlands (≥1 ha, per density thresholds in s. 1.39); Undersized Trees defined by species-specific minimum circumference per Schedule F (57–161 cm at 137 cm height by species); Exotic Species (Schedule A) excluded from protection; replacement required: Planting Trees or payment-in-lieu of planting may be required as a condition of an Exemption Permit or by court order upon conviction. Source: Forestry By-law 2022-98; Public Tree Maintenance By-law 2024-31, verified 2026-08-28.",
 "municipality_id": "gx-001660",
 "municipality": "Norfolk",
 "status_type": "City",
 "jurisdiction": "Ontario",
 "country": "CA",
 "topic": "trees",
 "label": "Trees & tree removal",
 "status": "found",
 "last_verified": "2026-08-28",
 "official_website": "https://www.norfolkcounty.ca/",
 "documents": [
  {
   "primary": true,
   "is_official": true,
   "title": "Forestry By-law 2022-98",
   "category": "trees",
   "document_type": "bylaw",
   "status": "adopted",
   "adopted_date": "2022-11-01",
   "document_url": "https://www.norfolkcounty.ca/council-administration-and-government/by-laws-and-policies/by-law-directory/forestry-by-law/",
   "summary": "Regulates destruction/injury of trees in woodlands of 1+ hectare across Norfolk County; requires harvest or exemption permits, sets minimum growing-stock thresholds, and imposes fines up to $50,000 (first offence) or $100,000 (subsequent).",
   "discovered_by": "on-newcats",
   "discovered_at": "2026-08-29",
   "capture_sha256": "c4666370e62db13d9d7eec4a3d1ea077ff833b63cf713803909d45f695a8c3a5",
   "captured_at": "2026-08-29T14:33:34+00:00",
   "capture_http_status": 200,
   "snapshot_url": "https://pub-e61c5ee2a8704225bfa8de0c280e8a2c.r2.dev/bylaws/c4666370e62db13d9d7eec4a3d1ea077ff833b63cf713803909d45f695a8c3a5.html",
   "link_dead": false,
   "facts": {
    "permit_required": true,
    "applies_to_private_property": true,
    "protected_threshold": "Trees in Woodlands (≥1 ha, per density thresholds in s. 1.39); Undersized Trees defined by species-specific minimum circumference per Schedule F (57–161 cm at 137 cm height by species); Exotic Species (Schedule A) excluded from protection",
    "replacement_required": "Planting Trees or payment-in-lieu of planting may be required as a condition of an Exemption Permit or by court order upon conviction",
    "boulevard_trees": "Municipal activities are exempt; by-law covers Woodlands only, not individual boulevard trees",
    "fine_range": "First conviction: not more than $50,000 or $1,000 per Tree Injured or Destroyed, whichever is greater; subsequent conviction: not more than $100,000 or $2,000 per Tree Injured or Destroyed, whichever is greater"
   },
   "fact_citations": {
    "permit_required": "s. 4.1",
    "applies_to_private_property": "s. 2.1",
    "protected_threshold": "s. 1.39; s. 1.37; Schedule \"F\"",
    "replacement_required": "s. 6.3; s. 9.3",
    "boulevard_trees": "s. 3.1(a)",
    "fine_range": "s. 9.2"
   },
   "transcript_url": "/ca/on/norfolk/trees/text-c4666370e62d/",
   "transcript_quality": "exact"
  },
  {
   "primary": true,
   "is_official": true,
   "title": "Public Tree Maintenance By-law 2024-31",
   "category": "trees",
   "document_type": "bylaw",
   "status": "adopted",
   "adopted_date": null,
   "document_url": "https://www.norfolkcounty.ca/council-administration-and-government/by-laws-and-policies/by-law-directory/public-tree-maintenance-by-law/",
   "summary": "Governs planting, maintenance and removal of public/street/boulevard trees; written authorization required to prune, injure, remove or attach anything to a public tree; fines $200-$100,000.",
   "discovered_by": "on-newcats",
   "discovered_at": "2026-08-29",
   "capture_sha256": "9788d3e4e5da34b169d1aa11023948d2990ad54c78a9efd06ef4927fc1ad340c",
   "captured_at": "2026-08-29T14:33:34+00:00",
   "capture_http_status": 200,
   "snapshot_url": "https://pub-e61c5ee2a8704225bfa8de0c280e8a2c.r2.dev/bylaws/9788d3e4e5da34b169d1aa11023948d2990ad54c78a9efd06ef4927fc1ad340c.html",
   "link_dead": false,
   "facts": {
    "permit_required": true,
    "applies_to_private_property": false,
    "protected_threshold": "All public trees of any species capable of reaching 4.5 metres height at physiological maturity; no DBH threshold stated",
    "replacement_required": "at minimum, one 50mm caliper tree for every 10 centimeters of DBH of Public Tree that is Injured or Removed; fees per Norfolk County User Fee By-law",
    "boulevard_trees": "Permit required to prune, injure, or remove; County holds sole authority over planting, maintenance, and removal on Highway rights-of-way",
    "fine_range": "Minimum fine of $200.00 and maximum fine of $100,000.00; multiple offence: minimum $200.00 and maximum $10,000.00 per included offence; special fine may exceed $100,000.00"
   },
   "fact_citations": {
    "permit_required": "s. 9.1(a)",
    "applies_to_private_property": "s. 4.1; s. 8.1",
    "protected_threshold": "s. 2.24; s. 4.1",
    "replacement_required": "s. 12.2",
    "boulevard_trees": "s. 2.11; s. 6.1; s. 9.1(a)",
    "fine_range": "s. 16.5"
   },
   "transcript_url": "/ca/on/norfolk/trees/text-9788d3e4e5da/",
   "transcript_quality": "exact"
  }
 ],
 "source": "https://govanswers.org/ca/on/norfolk/trees/"
}