{
 "answer": "In the County of Northumberland County, Ontario, permit required: True; applies to private property: True; protected threshold: Trees in woodlands >1 hectare; species-specific minimum circumferences per Table 1 (e.g., Hard Maple/Yellow Birch/White Ash/etc.: 57\"–82\" depending on measurement height; Black Ash/Poplar/Spruce/etc.: 25\"–50\"); basal area must not fall below 15 sq metres/hectare; replacement required: Council may require security be posted to ensure trees can be replaced; silvicultural treatment to re-establish trees may be required. Source: By-law No. 2015-27, Northumberland County Forest Conservation By-law, verified 2026-08-29.",
 "municipality_id": "gx-001675",
 "municipality": "Northumberland County",
 "status_type": "County",
 "jurisdiction": "Ontario",
 "country": "CA",
 "topic": "trees",
 "label": "Trees & tree removal",
 "status": "found",
 "last_verified": "2026-08-29",
 "official_website": "https://northumberland.ca/",
 "documents": [
  {
   "primary": true,
   "is_official": true,
   "title": "By-law No. 2015-27, Northumberland County Forest Conservation By-law",
   "category": "trees",
   "document_type": "bylaw",
   "status": "adopted",
   "adopted_date": "2015-06-17",
   "document_url": "https://northumberland.ca/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/By-Law-2015-27.pdf",
   "summary": "County-wide forest conservation by-law under Municipal Act s.135, applying to woodlands greater than 1 hectare. No one may injure or destroy a tree in such a woodland without a permit, an exemption, or relief. Cutting may not reduce the basal area of the cut area below 15 m2 per hectare, may not occur within 15 m of the high water",
   "discovered_by": "on-newcats",
   "discovered_at": "2026-08-29",
   "capture_sha256": "f90ae5b7545417aa49fe12a86ea3c3022b1acad3d12852957760367c71d2425c",
   "captured_at": "2026-08-29T14:33:34+00:00",
   "capture_http_status": 200,
   "snapshot_url": "https://pub-e61c5ee2a8704225bfa8de0c280e8a2c.r2.dev/bylaws/f90ae5b7545417aa49fe12a86ea3c3022b1acad3d12852957760367c71d2425c.pdf",
   "link_dead": false,
   "facts": {
    "permit_required": true,
    "applies_to_private_property": true,
    "protected_threshold": "Trees in woodlands >1 hectare; species-specific minimum circumferences per Table 1 (e.g., Hard Maple/Yellow Birch/White Ash/etc.: 57\"–82\" depending on measurement height; Black Ash/Poplar/Spruce/etc.: 25\"–50\"); basal area must not fall below 15 sq metres/hectare",
    "replacement_required": "Council may require security be posted to ensure trees can be replaced; silvicultural treatment to re-establish trees may be required",
    "fine_range": "$250 to $800 per offence (set fines schedule)"
   },
   "fact_citations": {
    "permit_required": "s. 4(1)(a): \"the owner of the woodland...has a valid permit\"",
    "applies_to_private_property": "s. 2: \"This By-law applies to woodlands greater than one (1) hectare in the County\"",
    "protected_threshold": "s. 4(3)(d) and Table 1",
    "replacement_required": "s. 6(5): \"require that security be posted...trees that are destroyed or injured...can be replaced\"; \"including any Silvicultural treatment which may be necessary to re-establish the trees\"",
    "fine_range": "Set Fine Schedule: Column 3 ranges from $250 (items 5, 8) to $800 (item 3)"
   },
   "transcript_url": "/ca/on/northumberland-county/trees/text-f90ae5b75454/",
   "transcript_quality": "exact"
  }
 ],
 "source": "https://govanswers.org/ca/on/northumberland-county/trees/"
}